猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的危险性分析

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病是猕猴桃的重要病害。为了正确认识该病发生的危险性,有效防止其进一步扩散蔓延,参照国际上有害生物风险分析方法,对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病在国内的危险性进行了定性和定量分析,做出了综合评价,并提出检疫和防治管理措施。     

Comparison of polyurethane foam and biodegradable polymer as carriers in moving bed biofilm reactor for treating wastewater with a low C/N ratio

This paper presents a comparison between two different materials used as carriers: inert polyurethane (PU) foam and biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) particles for the removal of organics and nitrogen from wastewater with a low C/N ratio using moving bed biofilm reactors. The results, during a monitoring period of four months, showed that TOC and ammonium removal efficiency was higher in reactor 2 filled with PU carriers than in reactor 1 filled with PCL carriers (90% and 65% in the former, compared with 72% and 56% in the latter at an hydraulic retention time of 14 h). Reactor 1 showed good behavior in terms of total nitrogen removal as the biodegradable polymer was an effective substrate providing reducing power for denitrification. From three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix analysis, it was shown that the effluent from reactor 1 contained mainly protein-like and soluble microbial product-like substances.     

固定化硝化细菌去除生活污水中的氨氮

以聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠作为包埋载体固定硝化细菌,制备固定小球,对生活污水中的氨氮去除效果进行研究。采用平行实验考察了载体不同包菌量、载体与污水量比、活化时间、温度、DO以及载体循环次数对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,用包埋载体处理污水的氨氮和COD去除率明显高于传统活性污泥,且得出最佳反应条件:包埋载体的最佳活化时间为20 h,最适温度为25℃,最佳DO为3~4 mg/L。投加包埋载体比传统活性污泥法对氨氮去除效果和COD去除能力具有强化作用,投加20%的包埋载体时,反应器出水氨氮去除率提高了20%,菌体与载体比值小于1∶2.5时氨氮去除率超过90.12%,固定化包埋载体去除氨氮过程比较符合一级动力学模型。     

低温条件下生态槽深度处理农村生活污水的日变化特性

针对农村生活污水处理设施出水水质偏高污染环境的现状,构建了以水生植物为主体的生态槽深度处理农村生活污水,研究了低温条件下生态槽深度处理生活污水过程中DO、pH、COD、NH4+-N、TP等指标的日变化特性。结果表明,生活污水COD为37.67～60.23 mg/L、NH4+-N为13.66～16.76 mg/L、TP为1.32～1.78 mg/L、水温为9～11℃,HRT为5 d时,生态槽出水COD、NH4+-N和TP平均为21.07 mg/L、0.99 mg/L和0.19 mg/L,均可达《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)之Ⅳ类水标准。各级生态槽内DO浓度夜间低于昼间。夜间植物对NH4+-N和TP具有较强的吸收作用,平均去除率分别达94.83%和89.87%;而TN去除效果稍差,平均去除率为59.9%。     

城镇地区生态安全评价及对策——以上海崇明岛为例

从区域生态安全内涵出发,基于可持续发展理论、自然—经济—社会复合生态系统理论和压力(pressure)—状态(state)—响应(response)概念模型,从资源环境负荷、生态环境状态、人类社会响应3方面构建城镇生态安全评价指标体系。选择上海崇明岛处于核心地位且代表着不同城镇化水平(较高、中等、较低)的城桥镇、堡镇、陈家镇为研究对象,通过实地调研、监测、实验分析等方式获取指标数据,应用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,并通过综合指数模型进行安全评价。评价结果表明:3个城镇生态安全综合评价结果为城桥镇(0.773 3)>陈家镇(0.762 8)>堡镇(0.749 0),社会经济的发展对资源环境的负荷较小,生态环境现状水平良好,但人类响应措施滞后;随着城镇化进程的加快,部分生态环境要素可能有恶化趋势,现已进入预警状态。     

Electricity-driven ammonia oxidation and acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis systems

• MES was constructed for simultaneous ammonia removal and acetate production. • Energy consumption was different for total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen removal. • Energy consumption for acetate production was about 0.04 kWh/g. • Nitrate accumulation explained the difference of energy consumption. • Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an emerging technology for producing chemicals, and coupling MES to anodic waste oxidation can simultaneously increase the competitiveness and allow additional functions to be explored. In this study, MES was used for the simultaneous removal of ammonia from synthetic urine and production of acetate from CO₂. Using graphite anode, 83.2%±5.3% ammonia removal and 28.4%±9.9% total nitrogen removal was achieved, with an energy consumption of 1.32 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.45 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.044 kWh/g for acetate production. Using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, 70.9%±12.1% ammonia removal and 51.5%±11.8% total nitrogen removal was obtained, with an energy consumption of 0.84 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.61 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.043 kWh/g for acetate production. A difference in nitrate accumulation explained the difference of total nitrogen removal efficiencies. Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance of MES. These results are important for the development of novel electricity-driven technologies for chemical production and pollution removal.     

陆地生态系统臭氧干沉降的观测和模拟研究进展

近地层臭氧(O³)会对植物的生长和产量均产生一定的负效应。由于人类活动引起的不断升高的近地层O³浓度已经威胁到世界粮食安全。O³主要以干沉降的方式沉降到陆地生态系统,所以需要定量确定陆地生态系统中O³通量、干沉降速率和不同沉降通道的沉降过程,预测其对植物的潜在影响。介绍了目前O³干沉降的主要观测方法及其模拟模型,从4个方面(O³通量和干沉降速率的季节变化、日变化、气象因子等对O³干沉降的影响、不同O³沉降通道的沉降过程)重点评述了不同陆地生态系统O³干沉降观测和模拟的研究进展现状,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望,以期为我国未来开展相关研究工作提供借鉴。     

Policy-making coordination of municipal solid waste policies in China: a content analysis

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Massive urbanization and rapid development of urban economy have increased the generation of municipal solid waste in China. Like all developing...     

上海崇明岛蔬菜地土壤重金属含量与生态风险预警评估

崇明3城镇蔬菜地土壤重金属的总体含量为Cu 29.2 mg·kg^-1、Pb 26.5 mg·kg^-1、Cr 79.4 mg·kg^-1、Zn 91.2 mg·kg^-1和Cd 0.222 mg·kg^-1.除Cd在城桥镇和陈家镇超过国家土壤一级标准(GB 15618-1995)外,其余均低于国家土壤一级标准,并且满足国家对绿色食品产地土壤重金属含量的要求(NY/T391-2000).与上海土壤背景值相比,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cd分别高出上海土壤背景值 24.3％、24.4％、22.9％、18.8％和65.7％.崇明3城镇蔬菜地土壤重金属生态风险预警评估得出,23个采样点中有3个样点属于中警,10个样点属于轻警,8个样点属于预警,1个样点属于无警,综合评估I_{ER＝1.562,为轻警.3城镇生态风险排序为堡镇（IER=1.799）>城桥镇（IER=1.636）>陈家镇（IER=1.368）,均属于轻警.}