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In this article, we introduce China’s major forest types and discuss the historical development of forest management in China,
including actions taken over the last decade toward achieving SMF. Major challenges are identified, and a strategy for SFM
implementation in China is presented. China’s forests consist of a wide variety of types with distinctive distributional patterns
shaped by complex topography and multiple climate regimes. How to manage this wide array of forest resources has challenged
forest managers and policy-makers since the founding of the country. Excessive exploitation of China's forest resources from
the 1950s to the late 1990s contributed to environmental problems and calamities, such as floods, soil erosion, and desertification.
At the start of the new millennium, the Chinese government decided to shift its emphasis from timber production towards the
achievement of sustainable forest management (SFM). With a series of endeavors such as the implementation of the “Six Key
Forestry Projects” and the reform of forest tenure policies, and the adoption of a classification system for China's forests,
a beginning has been made at reversing the trend of environmental degradation that occurred throughout the latter half of
the last century. At the same time, huge challenges remain to be tackled for the development of forestry in China. 相似文献
385.
煤巷掘进过程中粉尘浓度影响因素分析 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
王晓珍 《中国安全生产科学技术》2011,7(4):75-79
为了掌握煤巷掘进过程中粉尘浓度变化的影响因素,根据气固两相流理论,针对矿井掘进工作面的特点,采用计算流体力学的离散相模型(DPM)考察了掘进巷道风速、风筒直径、风筒出风口到掘进工作面距离以及风筒的悬挂高度对粉尘浓度变化的影响。结果发现:当掘进巷道风速为0.25-4 m/s时,提高巷道内的通风风速,可以降低巷道内的粉尘浓度,缩短呼吸性粉尘浓度达到稳定的时间,减小工作面粉尘的危害;有利于通风除尘的风筒相关参数为风筒直径0.4-0.6 m、风筒出风口到掘进工作面距离6-7 m、风筒悬挂高度2.0-2.2 m。 相似文献
386.
Surface modelling of global terrestrial ecosystems under three climate change scenarios 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Tian-Xiang Yue Ze-Meng FanChuan-Fa Chen Xiao-Fang SunBai-Lian Li 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(14):2342-2361
A high accuracy and speed method (HASM) of surface modelling is developed to find a solution for error problem and to improve computation speed. A digital elevation model (DEM) is established on spatial resolution of 13.5 km × 13.5 km. Regression formulations among temperature, elevation and latitude are simulated in terms of data from 2766 weather observation stations scattered over the world by using the 13.5 km × 13.5 km DEM as auxiliary data. Three climate scenarios of HadCM3 are refined from spatial resolution of 405 km × 270 km to 13.5 km × 13.5 km in terms of the regression formulations. HASM is employed to simulate surfaces of mean annual bio-temperature, mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration ratio during the periods from 1961 to 1990 (T1), from 2010 to 2039 (T2), from 2040 to 2069 (T3), and from 2070 to 2099 (T4) on spatial resolution of 13.5 km × 13.5 km. Three scenarios of terrestrial ecosystems on global level are finally developed on the basis of the simulated climate surfaces. The scenarios show that all polar/nival, subpolar/alpine and cold ecosystem types would continuously shrink and all tropical types, except tropical rain forest in scenario A1Fi, would expand because of the climate warming. Especially at least 80% of moist tundra and 22% of nival area might disappear in period T4 comparing with the ones in the period T1. Tropical thorn woodland might increase by more than 97%. Subpolar/alpine moist tundra would be the most sensitive ecosystem type because its area would have the rapidest decreasing rate and its mean center would shift the longest distance towards west. Subpolar/alpine moist tundra might be able to serve as an indicator of climatic change. In general, climate change would lead to a continuous reduction of ecological diversity. 相似文献
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The biogeochemical and ecological impacts of environmental nanoparticles (ENPs) are some of the fastest growing areas of research today. However, efficient separation and collection of ENPs in natural systems remains difficult. This review article is focused on experimental investigation of separation and identification of ENPs, including nanoparticles with size fractions in the range of <2000, 450 to 2000, 100 to 450 and 1 to 100 nm. An automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) was used successfully to overcome the problem of efficiently collecting ENPs in large quantities in red soils. A significant amount of hematite nanoparticles was present on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range of 5 to 8 nm. Synchrotron XRD technique is more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with oriented specimens and random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles, crystallinity, and particle size in red soils, particularly for the illite, kaolinite, goethite and hematite nanoparticles. The AUD apparatus can be employed to efficiently collect large quantities of soil and related ENPs for investigation of their structural characteristics and surface properties, which have significant impact on weathering reaction pathways, catalysis, the fate of vital elements and environmental pollutants, and ecosystem restoration. 相似文献
389.
污泥预处理方法包括机械法、化学法和生物法,选择上述方法中具有代表性的超声波20 k Hz、p H 10和厌氧70℃分别预处理污泥,从有机物释放情况和经济性评价不同预处理方法.结果表明,污泥经过预处理后,液相中有机物释放量均增多,但经过p H 10和厌氧70℃预处理后能释放更多的有机物,反应结束时其总溶解性蛋白质和多糖由预处理前的418. 9mg·L~(-1)(以COD计,下同)分别增加到7 516. 0 mg·L~(-1)和7 892. 5 mg·L~(-1),DNA浓度由预处理前的18. 1 mg·L~(-1)依次增加到1 343. 3 mg·L~(-1)和1 766. 1 mg·L~(-1);通过流式细胞术鉴定细胞形态得出预处理结束时污泥细胞死亡率从高到低为61. 6%(p H10)、59. 9%(厌氧70℃)和34. 5%(超声波20 k Hz),相比预处理前分别提高45. 6%、43. 9%和18. 5%;预处理结束时污泥有机物去除率依次为19. 1%(p H 10)、13. 8%(厌氧70℃)和7. 6%(超声波20 k Hz);单位体积污泥经p H 10预处理比超声-20kHz和厌氧70℃分别多节约28. 5%和124. 1%.基于本研究中污泥有机物释放量和经济性,污泥预处理方法宜选择化学法(p H 10). 相似文献
390.
Tong Li Xiange Du Jieqiong Deng Kai Qi Jiandong Zhang Lili Gao Xiuping Yue 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(10):188-200
Environment-friendly nano-catalysts capable of activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have received increasing attention recently. Nevertheless, traditional nano-catalysts are generally well dispersed and difficult to be separated from reaction system, so it is particularly important to develop nano-catalysts with both good catalytic activity and excellent recycling efficiency. In this work, magnetically recoverable Fe3O4-modified ternary CoFeCu-layered double hydroxides (Fe3O4/CoFeCu-LDHs) was prepared by a simple co-precipitation method and initially applied to activate PMS for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were applied to characterize morphology, structure, specific surface area and magnetism. In addition, the effects of several key parameters were evaluated. The Fe3O4/CoFeCu-LDHs exhibited high catalytic activity, and RhB degradation efficiency could reach 100% within 20 min by adding 0.2 g/L of catalyst and 1 mmol/L of PMS into 50 mg/L of RhB solution under a wide pH condition (3.0-7.0). Notably, the Fe3O4/CoFeCu-LDHs showed good super-paramagnetism and excellent stability, which could be effectively and quickly recovered under magnetic condition, and the degradation efficiency after ten cycles could still maintain 98.95%. Both radicals quenching tests and electron spin resonance (ESR) identified both HO? and SO4?? were involved and SO4?? played a dominant role on the RhB degradation. Finally, the chemical states of the sample's surface elements were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the possible activation mechanism in Fe3O4/CoFeCu-LDHs/PMS system was proposed according to comprehensive analysis. 相似文献