黄河济南段水资源特点与可持续利用对策

黄河济南段多年平均来水量359×10⁸m³,来水年际、年内变化大,最大年径流量是最小年径流量的21.8倍,且主要集中在汛期的7～10月份,占多年平均值的60.7%。近年来黄河济南段径流量逐年下降,断流日益加剧,1997年泺口站全年断流132天。与此同时,济南黄河水含沙量高,多年平均含沙量24.9kg/m³,且呈逐年上升之势。近年因上游来水量减小,用水量增加,水资源浪费严重,水质存在一定污染,引黄工程能力不足,水资源缺乏持续利用的调度和管理,极大地影响了济南黄河水的可持续利用。黄河济南段水资源可持续利用的主要对策有:以可持续发展战略为原则,统筹规划、统一管理、集中调度;充分发挥水利工程的枢纽作用,保证生态用水;地表水地下水联合运用;建立节水型生产体系和社会,提高水资源的有效利用率;合理调整水价,促进节水意识的增强和节水措施的落实;淤背加固黄河干堤,植树治沙防汛凌,实现黄河济南段区域可持续发展。     

杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂去除水中双氯芬酸

通过偶氮化反应将合成的去叔丁基杯[4]芳烃连接到Amberlite XAD-4树脂上,并且采用FTIR、SEM和TG/DTA法表征了杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂的结构.结果表明,水溶液中杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂对双氯芬酸的去除率远大于单独Amberlite XAD-4树脂和杯[4]芳烃.双氯芬酸的浓度为20mg/L时,随着杯[4]芳烃修饰AmberliteXAD-4树脂投加量的增加,双氯芬酸的去除率增加很快.当吸附剂量增加到80mg/L时,双氯芬酸的去除率为92.8%,并且达到吸附平衡,吸附的双氯芬酸量为34.02mg/g. Langmuir和Freundlich等温线与实验数据均有很好的拟合度.对热力学参数的计算表明,△H与△G负值显示出反应的放热和自发过程.     

A VUV photoionization mass spectrometric study on the OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene with synchrotron radiation

The gas-phase organic compounds resulting from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene have been investigated on-line by VUV photoionization mass spectrometry based on synchrotron radiation for the first time. The photoionization efficiency curves of the corresponding gaseous products as well as the chosen standards have been deduced by gating the interested peaks in the photoionization mass spectra while scanning the photon energy simultaneously, which permits the identification of the pivotal gaseous products of the photooxidation of isoprene, such as formaldehyde (10.84 eV), formic acid (11.38 eV), acetone (9.68 eV), glyoxal (9.84 eV), acetic acid (10.75 eV), methacrolein (9.91 eV), and methyl vinyl ketone (9.66 eV). Proposed reaction mechanisms leading to the formation of these key products were discussed, which were completely consistent with the previous works of different groups. The capability of synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry to directly identify the chemical composition of the gaseous products in a simulation chamber has been demonstrated, and its potential application in related studies of atmospheric oxidation of ambient volatile organic compounds is anticipated.     

天然富硒土地划定的富硒阈值

提出适用全国的土壤富硒阈值是查明我国富硒土地资源和发展特色农业的关键.利用我国最近10 a采集的10222套大宗农作物根系土-作物籽实协同调查数据,基于大宗农作物-土壤线性模型和人群硒摄入量对富硒阈值进行初步估算探索,最终通过建立土壤富硒率和作物籽实富硒率协同分析模型,提出了适用全国的富硒阈值:水田土壤中总硒含量≥0....     

Association of serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances with gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum blood glucose

This study was conducted to examine the association of perfluoroalkyl substance(PFAS)exposure with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) risk and postpartum fasting blood glucose.We used a 1:2 matched case–control study with 84 GDM subjects and 168 healthy pregnant women from Beijing, China. The maternal blood was collected at 1–2 days before delivery, and eight linear isomers and fourteen branched isomers were determined in maternal serum.Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations after adjusting for potential confounders. The median of the sum of levels of total PFASs was 4.24 ng/m L with a interquartile range(IQR) of 2.82–6.54 ng/m L. Although maternal PFAS exposure was not associated with risk of GDM, significant positive associations were observed between evaluated exposure to specific PFAS congeners and increasing blood glucose. The odds ratio(ORs) of the highest category of postpartum fasting blood glucose for perfluoro-1-metylheptylsulfonat(1 m-PFOS), perfluoro-3/4-metylheptylsulfonat(3 m+4 m-PFOS), perfluoro-5-metylheptylsulfonat(5 m-PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonate(PFHx S) were 2.03(95% CI: 1.09–3.77), 1.93(95% CI:1.04–3.58), 2.48(95% CI: 1.33–4.65), and 2.26(95% CI: 1.21–4.21), respectively, suggesting negative effects of maternal exposure to specific PFAS compounds on glucose metabolism.     

Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极的研制及处理有机废水的研究

通过涂覆热分解法制备了Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2、Ti/RuO_2电极材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和循环伏安(CV)对电极材料进行表征,考察了电流密度、Na Cl质量浓度、p H值及电极间距对废水COD降解率的影响。结果表明,Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2电极对COD具有更高的降解率,对其进行工艺优化。电极材料对废水降解的最佳工艺条件为电流密度40 m A/cm2,Na Cl质量浓度4 g/L,p H=5. 0,电极间距10 mm,COD的降解率达到90. 5%。Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2电极中SnO_2与RuO_2生成固溶体,有利于增强涂层与基体之间的结合力,提高电极的稳定性; ZrO_2起到细化晶粒的作用,致使电极表面粗糙度增加,增强了电极的电催化性能,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型。     

BDE -47对脑发育期大鼠甲状腺激素内稳态及谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统的影响

以处于脑发育期的新生3d大鼠为试验对象,研究不同剂量2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE - 47)对大鼠暴露21 d后,大鼠体内甲状腺激素内稳态、脑中谷胱甘肽及相关酶的变化.结果显示,与对照组相比,大鼠血清中总甲状腺激素(TT4)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)无显著改变,但高暴露剂量组大鼠血清中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)含量显著降低(p＜ 0.01).氧化损伤试验结果表明,与对照组相比,各暴露组大鼠脑中氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量显著上升(中、低剂量组p＜ 0.01,高剂量组p＜0.05);暴露组大鼠脑中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH - px)活力变化与剂量相关,呈现低、中剂量升高,高剂量暴露下降的趋势;暴露大鼠脑中谷氨酸半胱氨酸合成酶(GCL)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量无显著变化,但GCL呈明显的下降趋势.脑发育期BDE - 47暴露将造成大鼠甲状腺激素,尤其是FT3的内稳态失衡,并造成机体GSH抗氧化系统相关指标的紊乱,出现氧化应激效应.     

工业场地重金属污染土壤异位稳定化修复工程

工业企业的搬迁遗留了很多污染场地,土壤中的重金属是主要的污染物。主要介绍了我国东部地区某金属加工厂重金属污染土壤修复工程,包括施工前的准备、施工工艺、修复后土壤的养护、二次污染防治和工程项目验收等。工程的成功实施表明异位稳定化技术处理重金属污染土壤是有效的,可为其他同类工程项目的实施提供借鉴和参考。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究进展

对垃圾填埋场渗滤液的综合状况进行了阐述,包括渗滤液的特性、危害、控制及其处理技术等。重点介绍渗滤液的危害及目前国内外处理技术的现状,提出了针对我国垃圾填埋场渗滤液的治理亟待解决的问题。     

白洋淀养殖区春季沉积物垂向微生物群落特征及驱动因素

结合16S rRNA高通量测序技术,对春季白洋淀养殖区（后塘和西李庄）沉积物垂向细菌群落演变特征及影响因素进行解析.结果表明：春季白洋淀沉积物环境因子（硝态氮、铵态氮、溶解性总磷、紫外光谱指数、三维荧光光谱指数和荧光组分强度）均呈现显著差异（p<0.05）,后塘采样点的硝态氮和铵态氮含量明显高于西李庄采样点;高通量测序得到23527个OTU,共分为11个主要门类,其中,变形菌门占比最大,达到15.33%~50.59%;α-多样性显示除辛普森指数和覆盖率外,ACE指数、Chao指数及香农指数呈现显著差异（p<0.05）,并且在后塘采样点高于西李庄;主坐标分析表明,后塘与西李庄采样点沉积物细菌群落存在显著差异,与Adonis分析的结果相一致（p<0.01）;RDA分析发现,硝态氮和铵态氮是驱动沉积物细菌群落结构演变的主要环境因素;物种间网络分析显示,春季后塘和西李庄都为8个主要的模块,西李庄正向相关的边所占比例高达84.79%,明显高于后塘的62.82%;西李庄有244个关键物种OTU,也高于后塘的59个关键物种OTU;相关性分析得出两个采样点在主要属和模块上都存在差异,硝态氮、铵态氮、腐殖化指数（HIX）及生物源指数（BIX）是其主要环境因子.综上,通过对该时期养殖区沉积物垂向细菌群落演变特征及影响因素进行研究,可为白洋淀养殖区的污染控制提供技术支持.