一种新型流管反应器的设计与表征

介绍了一种用于气溶胶生成机制研究的流管反应器（Jiao-FTR,J-FTR）的设计及表征.借助计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和实验测定,表征了不同进气结构和实验条件下反应器内流场的发展及稳定,移动进气管的喷射效应以及气体和颗粒物在反应器内的平均停留时间.结果表明,预混合段进气方式,主流流量,移动进气管结构及注入流量对J-FTR的流场发展以及气体和颗粒物的停留时间具有较大影响;J-FTR的预混合进气段具有使主流快速过渡为层流的优势,在对称进气条件下,当主流流量不超过8L/min,气流在进入主反应段之前可发展为稳定的层流;当移动进气管使用大内径的直管或径面十字型结构时,可以有效减小或避免移动进气管的喷射效应.以上结果不仅可为使用J-FTR开展大气化学和气溶胶生成机制研究提供重要的实验指导,也可为其他研究者设计FTR,进行流管实验提供借鉴.     

基于FRAM-AHP法的公务航空飞行事故分析

为了有效分析公务航空飞行事故的主要原因,利用改进后的功能共振事故模型(FRAM)对公务航空飞行事故进行系统和量化分析。建立了功能共振事故模型,通过层次分析法(AHP)对功能模块上游功能输出和下游功能输入端的表型进行量化分析,根据权重来识别上下游主要的表型,从而找到功能模块间的失效连接,确定事故主要原因。利用该模型对某公务航空飞行事故进行分析,确定了导致事故的主要原因为公务机场保障能力不足、机组疏忽大意、飞行部教学训练大纲缺失、飞行部QAR译码能力不足、机务航前检查不足、机组起飞决策不当等。研究表明,FRAM-AHP法可以为公务航空飞行事故进一步分析提供技术支持。     

乙二醇流淌火燃烧特性及围堵性能研究

为研究乙二醇流淌火燃烧蔓延特性,利用自行设计的流淌火试验平台,开展了乙二醇流淌火实体试验,研究了试验过程中火焰温度、前锋移动、火焰高度等典型参数变化规律。同时,为实现流淌火的有效蔓延控制,开发酚醛泡沫材料模拟乙二醇流淌火围堵处置,评价其围堵效能。结果表明:乙二醇流淌火燃烧速度缓慢,火焰温度低于池火温度;酚醛泡沫材料对可燃液体流淌火展现出较好耐火、阻隔作用,对液体危化品的泄漏围堵具有积极实践意义。     

Rivals or allies: How performance‐prove goal orientation influences knowledge hiding

Previous research suggests that performance‐prove goal orientation is positively related to knowledge hiding. However, we argue that this effect depends on the focus of performance feedback (i.e., individual‐ and group‐focused feedback), which shapes the nature of the competitive expression of performance‐prove goal orientation (i.e., intragroup and intergroup oriented). We conducted three studies to test our theoretical model. The results of Study 1 with time‐lagged data from 128 part‐time MBA students showed that performance‐prove goal orientation was positively related to knowledge hiding when performance feedback focused more (vs. less) on individual performance but was negatively related to knowledge hiding when performance feedback focused more (vs. less) on group performance. Study 2 replicated these moderation findings in an experimental study of 210 undergraduate students. Study 3 again replicated the moderation effects using multisource data from 317 employees and their supervisors. It also included creativity as an outcome of knowledge hiding and illustrated the distal consequence of the moderation effects of individual‐ and group‐focused performance feedback. We then discussed the implications for the theory and practice of performance‐prove goal orientation and knowledge hiding.     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

北京城市发展对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为研究城市发展对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,以北京市建成区为例,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析不同环路内3种类型绿地(居民区内绿地、街道边绿地、公园内绿地)土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明:二环内各绿地类型土壤微生物群落的AWCD(average well color development,平均颜色变化率)相对较高,分别为1.107、1.192、1.007,表明其土壤微生物群落代谢活性较高,利用碳源能力较强,其他环路土壤微生物群落利用碳源能力相对较弱;其中,各绿地类型土壤微生物群落对羧酸类碳源的利用能力最弱.城市环路梯度下居民区对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响相对较大;街道对土壤微生物群落功能多样性无显著影响(或者城市环路梯度下街道边绿地土壤微生物群落功能多样性趋同);四环～五环公园内绿地土壤微生物群落功能多样性与其他环路之间存在显著差异.对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力进行主成分分析的结果显示,居民区内绿地、街道边绿地、公园内绿地提取的与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分累积贡献率分别为86.79%、87.09%、84.92%,对主成分分离起主要作用的碳源主要是氨基酸类、糖类、多聚物类和羧酸类物质.冗余分析(RDA)表明,pH、土壤含水量是影响土壤微生物群落代谢能力和功能多样性的主要因素.城市绿地类型和环路因子对土壤微生物利用碳源分异存在一定影响,但对碳源代谢能力变异的解释量(5.91%)低于土壤理化因子的解释量(16.26%).研究显示,城市环路对土壤微生物功能多样性产生一定影响,但各环路街道边绿地土壤微生物功能多样性无显著差异,并且二环内、二环～三环、三环～四环各绿地类型土壤微生物多样性也无显著差异,说明城市发展可能使土壤微生物群落功能多样性趋于同质化.      

有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响

试验通过在进水中投加有机碳源(白糖),研究有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响。试验结果表明:进水COD浓度对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能产生明显的影响。当进水中COD浓度约为50mg/L时,即可导致系统总氮去除率大幅度下降,出水总氮去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至76%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至85%;当进水COD浓度上升至约100mg/L时,出水总氮的去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至69%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至77%;当进水COD浓度约为100mg/L时,并将调节槽曝气量由原来的0.4L/min增至0.6L/min,系统出水水质明显得到优化,总氮去除率恢复到未投加COD时的水平。有效地控制一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器内有机碳源的量,能明显地提高系统的脱氮效果。     

Deposition behavior of residual aluminum in drinking water distribution system: Effect of aluminum speciation

Finished drinking water usually contains some residual aluminum.The deposition of residual aluminum in distribution systems and potential release back to the drinking water could significantly influence the water quality at consumer taps.A preliminary analysis of aluminum content in cast iron pipe corrosion scales and loose deposits demonstrated that aluminum deposition on distribution pipe surfaces could be excessive for water treated by aluminum coagulants including polyaluminum chloride（PACl）.In this work,the deposition features of different aluminum species in PACl were investigated by simulated coil-pipe test,batch reactor test and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring.The deposition amount of non-polymeric aluminum species was the least,and its deposition layer was soft and hydrated,which indicated the possible formation of amorphous Al（OH）₃.Al₁₃ had the highest deposition tendency,and the deposition layer was rigid and much less hydrated,which indicated that the deposited aluminum might possess regular structure and self-aggregation of Al₁₃could be the main deposition mechanism.While for Al₃₀,its deposition was relatively slower and deposited aluminum amount was relatively less compared with Al₁₃.However,the total deposited mass of Al₃₀ was much higher than that of Al₁₃,which was attributed to the deposition of particulate aluminum matters with much higher hydration state.Compared with stationary condition,stirring could significantly enhance the deposition process,while the effect of pH on deposition was relatively weak in the near neutral range of 6.7 to 8.7.