Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia, China

In recent years, steppe degradation in North China has become a serious environmental problem. Most research on steppe degradation is conducted at the level of communities or at the scale of small regions. To better understand the spatio-temporal variation and driving factors of grassland degradation, monitoring and analysis at broad regional scales are needed. This paper systematically describes the state and characteristics of steppe degradation at the Xilinhot plateau, makes an in-depth empirical analysis of the natural and man-made causes leading to degradation, and analyzes what driving factors have influenced degradation in this typical steppe region over the last 20?years. Ten biophysical and socio-economic variables, including altitude, slope, precipitation, temperature, soil conditions, distance to river, distance to highway, population density, sheep unit density, and fencing policy, were evaluated on their impact on observed patterns of degradation. The results indicate that all of these factors had a significant influence on the process of steppe degradation. During the first 10?years, from 1991 to 2000, steppe degradation increased, but after 2000, the degradation trend has, to some extent, reversed. The analysis indicates that the measures taken by the government, such as fencing vulnerable areas, played an important role in this change. The results advance the understanding of grassland degradation and contribute to constructing an empirical and theoretical base for grassland management and planning.     

两级沸石曝气生物滤池工艺特性研究

采用新的水处理工艺-两级沸石曝气生物滤池(TZBAF)处理生活污水,主要通过实验研究了ZBAF的技术特点.结果表明:CODcr平均进水浓度为245mg/L时,除碳段去除率为84.4%;NH3-N进水为42.9mg/L时,平均去除率达88%,满足中水回用标准.本工艺对冲击负荷有较强的适应性,C0D容积负荷小于10 kg/m3·d、氨氮小于1.5kg/m3·d时,浓度变化对去除率影响不大.主要问题是内部空隙率较低,曝气反冲洗较为困难,如何改善水力条件还有待进一步研究.     

基于神经网络的泥石流预测

作者用神经网络方法对泥石流预测进行了探讨，讨论了训练参数的选择及训练方法，并结合泥石流预报的具体情况，对ＢＰ模型进行了适当的改进。研究表明，模型及算法是可行的。     

Study on low-temperature plasma γ-Al2O3 catalytic viscosity reduction of polyacrylamide solution

The wide use of polyacrylamide (PAM) in enhanced oil recovery generates a large amount of polymer-bearing wastewater featuring high viscosity and difficult viscosity reduction, making the treatment of wastewater increasingly difficult. In this paper, the experimental study on reducing the viscosity of wastewater containing polyacrylamide by using the plasma generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and the synergistic effect of catalyst γ-Al₂O₃ is carried out. The law of plasma reducing the viscosity of wastewater containing polyacrylamide is studied under the different conditions of amounts of γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, discharge voltages, and initial concentrations of polyacrylamide-containing wastewater. The mechanism of viscosity reduction of polyacrylamide is studied through environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the catalytic viscosity reduction is the best when the discharge voltage is 18 kV and the discharge time is 15 min. With the increase in the input of the γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the viscosity of the PAM solution decreases gradually. When the amount of γ-Al₂O₃ is 375 mg, the shear rate changes from 0.5 1/sec to 28 1/sec, and the viscosity of the solution containing polyacrylamide changes from 434.5 mPa·s to 40.2 mPa·s. The viscosity reduction rate of the PAM solution is 90.7%. After the catalytic viscosity reduction, the functional groups of polyacrylamide do not change much. The elemental composition of the catalyst has not changed, which is still Al, C, and O.

     

电梯轿厢意外移动保护装置检验的研究

为厘清制造单位和检验机构对轿厢意外移动保护装置的认识,达到降低生产成本,提高检验质量的目的,本文从轿厢意外移动保护装置的组成和各子系统的作用,结合《电梯制造与安装安全规范》国家标准第1号修改单(GB 7588-2003/XG1-2015)对轿厢意外移动保护装置的要求,按轿厢意外移动保护装置子系统的组合分成3类电梯,并根据电梯类型提出合理的检验方法,研究结果表明:使用非驱动主机制动器做制停子系统的电梯,需要检验与检测子系统和制停子系统相关的项目;使用驱动主机制动器做制停子系统的电梯,需要检验与检测子系统、制停子系统和自监测子系统相关的项目;不需要检测轿厢意外移动的电梯,需要检验与制停子系统和自监测子系统相关的项目.     

动力送风过滤式呼吸器的标准化

本文结合动力送风呼吸器国家标准的制订工作,概述了该国家标准的编制背景、原则,对该类呼吸防护装备的分类、主要技术内容及其编制依据,如送风量、泄漏率、防护时间、有效气流量等进行了介绍。该国家标准的制定对于规范和指导我国动力送风过滤式呼吸器的发展以及推动其应用具有重要的意义。     

防毒面具新型多功能检漏测试评价系统

一种新型轻便的多功能防毒面具泄漏测试评价系统已研制成功并装备部队.该系统易于在野外或实际作业场所进行相应的测试评价,同时还能够测定防毒面具的可靠性、适合性,对于防毒面具的缺陷部件如饮水管、呼气阀等部件具有较好的测试与评价能力.通过该仪器对防毒面具进行的可靠性和适合性测试,可以帮助使用者显著增加其对所佩戴防毒面具的信心,保证了作业人员的人身安全,提高了作业效率,对于防毒面具等呼吸器的性能检测与监控具有重要的现实意义.     

越境环境污染的经济分析

本文在介绍了越境环境污染的损害非一致性和混合非一致性特征的基础上,从外部性角度分析了越境环境问题,并着重探讨了博弈论在越境环境污染分析中的应用。指出,国际合作是解决这类问题的有效途径。     

螯合剂和表面活性剂辅助金福菇修复重金属污染土壤

通过温室大棚盆栽试验,研究螯合剂和表面活性剂单独或复合处理辅助金福菇修复重金属污染土壤的效果.结果表明,单独添加EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)时,高浓度的EDTA(E2,5 mmol kg-1)使金福菇的生物量比对照降低26%,子实体Pb、Cu和Cd的浓度分别比对照提高15～88倍、0.8～3.3倍和0.5～0.6倍.单独添加表面活性剂时,各处理生物量与对照没有显著差异,且重金属浓度变化幅度没有单独添加EDTA的处理大.低浓度的表面活性剂对金福菇吸收各种重金属的影响较小,而高浓度则影响较大,但与表面活性剂及重金属种类有关.共同添加EDTA和表面活性剂时,只有当EDTA和CTAB(溴化十六烷基三甲铵)共同添加时,EC2(EDTA:CTAB=1:1)和EC3(EDTA:CTAB=2:1)的生物量显著降低,其余处理与对照差异不明显.EC3的子实体Pb和Cu浓度达到所有处理中的最大值,分别为(1 533.61±131.34)、(1 786.11±328.33)mg kg-1.EDTA和SDS(十二烷基磺酸钠)浓度比为2:1(ES3)时,子实体Cd浓度达到最大值,为(50.56±11.55)mg kg-1.此外,还分析了不同处理的重金属总积累量和富集系数.结果显示,在螯合剂和表面活性剂辅助下,金福菇修复复合重金属污染土壤具有很大的潜能.     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing: Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Abstract

Miyun County, located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing, was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years. This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005, and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation. With two-periods TM images, we got land use change data, and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi. Results showed that water area, farm land and unused land decreased while residential land, forest land, grassland and orchard land increased during the study period. The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area. As for spatial variation, there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region. The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable. The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development. More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.