Contribution of isoprene to formaldehyde and ozone formation based on its oxidation products measurement in Beijing,China

The atmospheric mixing ratios of methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), the two specific products from isoprene oxidation in the atmosphere, were measured in Beijing from March to November, 2006. Distinct amounts of MACR and MVK were detected during vegetable growing seasons from April to October with ambient levels of 0.11–0.67 ppbv and 0.19–1.36 ppbv, respectively. The reacted isoprene and its ozone formation potentials (OFPs) in Beijing were evaluated in the range of 0.49–3.46 ppbv and 6.4–44.7 ppbv, respectively, from April to October. OFP of the reacted isoprene accounted for 10.6–23.6% of the total OFPs of VOCs (including carbonyls and isoprene) and 6.38–29.9% of the photo-chemically produced ozone. The maximum OFP of the original emitted isoprene prior to its photo-oxidation was calculated as 56.0 ppbv in August. The contribution from the reacted isoprene in Beijing to HCHO formation was also estimated to be in the range of 0.35–2.45 ppbv from April to October, which accounted for 4.6–11.5% of ambient HCHO.     

处理日本遗弃在华化学武器专用透气防毒服的研究

本文针对日本遗弃在华化学武器的性质和特点,根据销毁工程对个人防护装备的需求．通过对目前国内外主要透气防毒材料的比较分析,提出了专用透气防毒服内外层纺织材料的技术性能指标和要求．为专用透气防毒服的研制做了前期技术准备。     

深圳市一次典型春季臭氧污染事件成因研究

以往珠三角地区臭氧污染普遍发生在秋季,但近年来春季臭氧污染事件不断发生,并且污染出现时间愈发提前.本研究聚焦于深圳市2022年春季（2月26日）一次臭氧污染过程,系统性地分析了此次臭氧污染过程的主要成因与关键驱动因素.结果表明,在春季臭氧污染的形成过程中,气象条件扮演着重要角色,在高压天气系统影响下的强太阳辐射、高温、低湿和低风速是导致此次臭氧污染的重要因素.通过臭氧的垂直观测数据分析发现,夜间残留层中的高浓度臭氧能够在上午时段混入边界层内,加速地面臭氧浓度累积.此外,通过臭氧前体物浓度的变化特征分析发现,在污染日的下午时段出现臭氧及其前体物浓度的快速升高,推测为上风向区域的外部输送贡献加强,这也是导致此次春季臭氧污染发生的重要原因.敏感性分析表明,污染日的臭氧生成主要受VOCs控制,但在污染加剧时受到NO_x控制,因此,对春季臭氧污染的 防控需要从区域角度开展VOCs和NO_x的协同减排与治理.     

A spatial-temporal optimization approach to watershed management: Acid mine drainage treatment in the Cheat River watershed, WV, USA

Most water management studies concentrate on the inter-temporal allocation problem or, more recently, spatial dynamics - but not both. While early spatial-temporal studies focused on the allocation of water quantity, this paper presents an approach to water quality analysis that incorporates both spatial and temporal dynamics in a watershed framework. The acid mine drainage (AMD) problem in the Cheat River watershed of West Virginia, USA, serves as a case study and provides an opportunity to test the modeling approach developed. The empirical models are written in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and solved using the CPLEX mixed integer programming package. The results suggest that available investments should be concentrated in heavily impaired stream segments. The model can be used to assess the economic implications of alternative watershed Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation or other management strategies.     

Biogenic volatile organic compound analyses by PTR-TOF-MS: Calibration,humidity effect and reduced electric field dependency

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) emitted by plants after stress or damage induction are a major part of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) is a high-resolution and sensitive technique for in situ GLV analyses, while its performance is dramatically influenced by humidity, electric field, etc. In this study the influence of gas humidity and the effect of reduced field (E/N) were examined in addition to measuring calibration curves for the GLVs. Calibration curves measured for seven of the GLVs in dry air were linear, with sensitivities ranging from 5 to 10 ncps/ppbv (normalized counts per second/parts per billion by volume). The sensitivities for most GLV analyses were found to increase by between 20% and 35% when the humidity of the sample gas was raised from 0% to 70% relative humidity (RH) at 21°C, with the exception of (E)-2-hexenol. Product ion branching ratios were also affected by humidity, with the relative abundance of the protonated molecular ions and higher mass fragment ions increasing with humidity. The effect of reduced field (E/N) on the fragmentation of GLVs was examined in the drift tube of the PTR-TOF-MS. The structurally similar GLVs are acutely susceptible to fragmentation following ionization and the fragmentation patterns are highly dependent on E/N. Overall the measured fragmentation patterns contain sufficient information to permit at least partial separation and identification of the isomeric GLVs by looking at differences in their fragmentation patterns at high and low E/N.     

我国环境服务业发展现状及研究进展

环境服务业是环保产业的重要组成部分,也是实现环保产业转型升级的重要途径。本文对我国环境服务业近年来的发展状况进行了总结,并对该领域的相关研究进展进行了简要概述。     

生物炭对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化及其强化人工湿地污水处理研究

为确保寒冷地区冬季人工湿地的污水处理效果,采用从南四湖人工湿地底泥中分离纯化得到的一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3为研究对象,以水稻秸秆在300、500和700℃下炭化得到的生物活性炭为吸附载体,在6~8℃低温条件下,通过重复试验探索生物炭对微生物吸附固定的最佳时间及对污水的去除效率,并将最优的生物炭固定化菌剂投入到人工湿地中,探究菌剂投加量对污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水稻秸秆生物炭最佳热解温度为700℃,对Pseudomonas flava WD-3的吸附固定化时间为24 h.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3在冬季人工湿地的最佳投加量为0.042 g·L~(-1),其对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除效率有明显的提高,分别为游离菌处理效果的1.03、1.15、1.14倍,且去除性能稳定.生物炭固定化Pseudomonas flava WD-3对污水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.     

湿法烟气脱硫喷淋塔的阻力特性研究

以装配有自行设计的湍流装置的冷态喷淋塔为研究对象,考察了气速、喷淋量、液气比(L/G)、湍流装置垂直和水平间距对其阻力特性的影响。结果表明,当湍流装置结构形式一定时,喷淋塔的湍流层阻力(ΔP)均随气速、喷淋量和L/G的增大而增大;当气速、喷淋量、L/G一定时,湍流层阻力均随湍流装置垂直与水平间距的增大而减小。当气速、喷淋量、L/G、湍流装置垂直与水平间距分别为2.0 m/s、100 m~3/h、10 L/m~3、120 mm、120 mm时,湍流层的最小阻力为0.14 kP a;而当气速、喷淋量、L/G、湍流装置垂直与水平间距分别为3.6 m/s、240 m~3/h、25 L/m~3、90 mm、100 mm时,湍流层的最大阻力为0.62 kP a。对实验数据进行多元线性回归分析,得出该喷淋塔湍流层阻力的经验公式为ΔP=0.000 46V ~(0.724)Q~(0.930)D~(-1.860)f~(-5.480),其拟合优度与显著性良好,对工业应用具有一定的理论指导意义和实际参考价值。     

冷挤压双层组合凹模的最佳设计

此文应用厚壁圆筒弹性解,推导了冷挤压双层组合凹模,具有最大弹性极限时所能承受的最大挤压应力的计算公式,以及满足上述条件时双层组合凹模分界面半径和分界面过盈量的计算公式.利用上述各式,可使组合凹模获得最佳设计.     

电梯制动器机械装置提起（或释放）验证的研究

为确保电梯制动器检测开关能够准确检测电梯制动器机械装置提起（或释放）的异常,消除异常造成的危险情况,结合电梯制动器的型式和检测开关的动作原理,对各种检测开关接线方式进行分析,针对制动器的型式提出了合理的制动器检测开关接线方式。研究结果表明:直压式制动器可用1个通断状态的检测开关对其机械装置的提起（或释放）进行验证,但应在电梯的主板上设置2个检测点;杠杆式鼓式制动器应用具备2个通断状态的检测开关对其机械装置的提起（或释放）进行验证,且应采用常开并联或常闭串联的方式检测制动器机械装置的释放,采用常闭并联和常开串联的方式检测制动器机械装置的提起。