不同微生物处理工艺对全氟化合物的去除效果

以辽宁省4个采用不同微生物处理工艺的污水处理厂为研究对象,采用WAX固相萃取分离富集和高效液相-质谱联用(HPLC/MS/MS)方法测定了4个污水处理厂中13种PFCs(全氟化合物)〔9种PFCAs(全氟羧酸类化合物,C₄~C₁₂)和4种PFSAs(全氟磺酸类化合物,C₄、C₆、C₈、C₁₀)〕的质量浓度. 研究发现,9种PFCAs(C₄~C₁₂)(记为∑PFCAs)和2种PFSAs(C₄、C₈)(记为∑PFSAs)均有不同程度的检出,水体中各PFCs浓度水平与碳链长度呈显著负相关. 进水中ρ(∑PFCAs)和ρ(∑PFSAs)分别为81.5~135.9和3.7~4.6 ng/L,出水中ρ(∑PFCAs)和ρ(∑PFSAs)分别为47.4~63.3和2.8~3.7 ng/L. 进、出水受PFCAs尤其是短链PFCAs污染较为严重. 4个污水处理厂对PFCs的去除呈现相似的去除效果及规律,即PFCs的去除主要靠活性污泥的吸附作用,而与污水处理厂所采用的微生物处理工艺相关性不大.      

含铁矿物与UV联合催化H2O2深度处理印染废水

分别以天然含铁矿物黄铜矿、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿为催化剂,构建了UV-异相类Fenton体系处理实际印染废水生化出水,确定了最优反应条件,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨。实验结果表明:最佳条件下,以黄铜矿、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿为催化剂的3种异相UV-类Fenton体系对废水的COD去除率分别可达58.83%、57.41%和60.57%,UV254去除率均大于94%;3种天然矿物在重复使用5次后对废水COD的去除率仍保持在50%以上,光催化活性稳定;该体系产生·OH的途径主要有催化剂表面的Fe(Ⅱ)催化H_2O_2分解、H_2O_2光解、溶出的Fe~(2+)催化H_2O_2分解3种,以前两种方式为主。     

规模化蛋鸡养殖场栏舍氨排放规律研究

对江西某规模化蛋鸡养殖场栏舍开展每个季节的栏舍氨排放浓度监测,并核算各季节每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量和日栏舍氨排放量。结果表明:(1)氨排放浓度和每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量具有明显的日变化特征,即白天高、夜间低,主要受温度和相对湿度的综合影响;(2)氨排放浓度和每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量的季节变化特征不同,夏季氨排放浓度低但每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量大,冬季正好相反,这与该蛋鸡养殖场采用机械通风有关;(3)4个季节每只蛋鸡的日栏舍氨排放量平均为0.372g/(d·只),较国外同为清粪带式结构的蛋鸡栏舍高,建议提高清粪频率。     

事故致因“2-4”模型中“事件”与“动作”的关系探讨

为进一步完善和简化事故致因"2-4"模型,对模型中的"事件"和"动作"之间的关系进行探讨。首先,通过文献分析,确定了事件、动作和状态的定义及属性,提出了动作是事件的观点并加以图示说明。然后,以北京交通大学"12. 26"较大实验室爆炸事故为案例,对图示进行解释,详细分析了上述观点的合理性。结果表明:动作和状态是人和物都具备的,并且状态包含在动作过程中;动作、状态、事故都是事件,事件是人或物的动作,或者动作过程中的某一瞬时状态,故"2-4"模型中动作和事件是等价的,可以相互替代或混用。     

荔枝皮对重金属Ni~(2+)的吸附性能

采用批量实验研究了荔枝皮对水中重金属Ni2+吸附的影响因素(如接触时间、pH和吸附剂量)、吸附等温线、吸附动力学和吸附热力学等,并讨论了其吸附机理。结果表明,未改性荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮对Ni2+的吸附平衡时间均为30min;最适pH为6.0~7.0;最佳吸附剂量均为20 g/L。吸附过程均能用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型来很好地描述,且均符合假二次动力学模型。改性荔枝皮和未改性荔枝皮对Ni2+的最大比吸附量分别为11.88和5.19 mg/g。此外,热力学研究结果表明,未改性荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮吸附Ni2+均属于非自发的放热过程。     

Ni2＋对活性污泥活性及群落多样性的影响

通过检测活性污泥的电子传递体系活性以及生物多样性,研究Ni2＋对活性污泥微生物活性及群落多样性的影响。结果表明：与对照系统相比,5mg／L的Ni2＋对2,3,5-lriphenylteItrazoliumchloride（TTC．ETS）活性未产生显著的影响;但当Ni2＋的浓度进一步增大到10、20和40mg／L后,其对序批式反应器内活性污泥TTC—ETS活性的抑制率分别达到（36．794-11．14）％、（55．88±13．90）％和（70．97±6．78）％。低浓度Ni2＋．能增强活性污泥微生物对碳源的利用,但高于10mg／L的Ni2＋则显著抑制了活性污泥微生物对碳源的利用。各个SBR系统中微生物群落最常见的物种相近,物种丰富度和均一性则均有所不同,其中群落物种丰富度随着Ni2＋浓度的增加而逐渐减小。TTC—ETS活性、平均每孔颜色变化率、Shan—liOn指数和Simpson指数,与Ni2＋的胁迫浓度之间的显著相关性表明,它们均可有效地表征Ni2＋胁迫对活性污泥微生物活性及群落多样性的影响程度。     

Pedological characteristics of Mn mine tailings and metal accumulation by native plants

In southern China revegetation and ecological restoration of many abandoned Mn tailings has become a major concern. To determine the major constraints for plant establishment and evaluate the feasibility of remediation, a comparative study was conducted on Mn tailings and rhizosphere soils at the boundary of the tailings pond. Both tailings and rhizosphere soils had neutral to slightly alkaline pH and normal electrical conductivity. They were both enriched with organic matter (6.8-9.2%), total N (1.77-5.94 g kg(-1)), available P (41.78-73.83 mg kg(-1)) and K (146.7-906.9 mg kg(-1)), suggesting the tailings were a nutrient rich substrate for revegetation. Mn tailings were clay textured, while rhizosphere soils were silty loam or clay loam. The compaction and anoxic nature of Mn tailings were considered to be the major constraints for plant establishment. Total Mn (31903 mg kg(-1)), Cd (119 mg kg(-1)), Cu (126 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (2490 mg kg(-1)) in tailings were all at phytotoxic levels, but did not differ significantly from those in rhizosphere soils. In both tailings and rhizosphere soils, percentages of water- and DTPA-extractable metals were less than 1% and 2% of the total metal pools, respectively. Sequential extraction revealed that the majority of Mn, Cu and Zn were associated with the residual fraction, while the majority of Cd occurred as Fe-Mn oxides. The natural succession of plants around Mn tailings formed a distinctive metal-tolerant plant community, mainly comprising nine species such as Cynodon dactylon and Humulus scandens and so on. All species studied could be good candidates for revegetation of Mn tailings.     

Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) bioaccessibility in various soils from south China

Serious problems are faced in several parts of the world due to the presence of high concentration of fluoride in drinking water which causes dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans. Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh, India is one such region where high concentration of fluoride is present in groundwater. Since there are no major studies in the recent past, the present study was carried out to understand the present status of groundwater quality in Nalgonda and also to assess the possible causes for high concentration of fluoride in groundwater. Samples from 45 wells were collected once every 2 months and analyzed for fluoride concentration using an ion chromatograph. The fluoride concentration in groundwater of this region ranged from 0.1 to 8.8 mg/l with a mean of 1.3 mg/l. About 52% of the samples collected were suitable for human consumption. However, 18% of the samples were having less than the required limit of 0.6 mg/l, and 30% of the samples possessed high concentration of fluoride, i.e., above 1.5 mg/l. Weathering of rocks and evaporation of groundwater are responsible for high fluoride concentration in groundwater of this area apart from anthropogenic activities including irrigation which accelerates weathering of rocks.     

Life cycle and economic assessment of enhanced ecological floating beds applied water purification

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The ecological floating beds (EFB) are widely used in water quality restoration because of its low cost, high efficiency, and green characteristics....     

Mechanochemical synthesis of MAPbBr3/carbon sphere composites for boosting carrier-involved superoxide species

Lead halide perovskites MAPbX₃ (MA = CH₃NH₃ or Cs; X = I, Br, Cl) are well considered to be potential candidates for photocatalytic reaction due to its excellent photoelectrical properties, but they still suffer from the low charge separation efficiency and slow catalytic reaction dynamics. To tackle the drawbacks, herein, MAPbBr₃/carbon sphere (CS) composite photocatalysts using glucose as the carbon source were elaborately designed and fabricated via a dry mechanochemical grinding process. The interfacial interaction Pb-O-C chemical bonds were constructed between MAPbBr₃ and the carbon sphere surface containing organic functional groups. By optimizing the content of CSs, the enhanced photocatalytic degradation kinetic rate of Malachite Green (MG) pollutants (92% within 20 min) for MAPbBr₃/CS_x (x = 17 wt.%) is about 3.6-fold of that for pristine MAPbBr₃, which is attributed to the corporative adsorption and enhanced carrier transportation and separation of MAPbBr₃/CS_x. Furthermore, the possible degradation mechanism was proposed on basis of the electrochemical, mass spectrometry and optical characterization results. Owing to the robust interfacial interaction, effective electron extraction rate (k_et = 4.6 × 10⁷ sec^?1) from MAPbBr₃ to CS can be established, which driven oxygen activation where superoxide radicals (?O₂^?) played an important role in MG degradation. It is expected that mechanochemistry strategy may provide a new route to design efficient lead halide perovskite-carbon or metal oxide or sulfide composite photocatalysts.