Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

三亚市臭氧污染特征、输送路径及潜在源区分析

基于2015-2019年三亚市空气质量自动监测数据和气象观测资料,结合后向轨迹聚类与潜在源区分析等方法,分析了三亚市O₃污染特征。结果表明:2015-2019年三亚市O₃浓度总体优良,优良天数比例为97.9%(标准状态),超标天均为轻度污染,多发生在秋冬季。O₃浓度与平均相对湿度、气温和降水量呈负相关关系,与平均风速呈正相关关系,同时与风向密切相关。6-8月气温较高,主导风向为偏南风,O₃及其前体物以本地排放为主,O₃浓度较低;秋冬季盛行东北风,易受到来自内陆的污染传输影响,O₃浓度相对较高。当日最高气温为20~30℃、日均相对湿度为65%~85%、日均风速为3~8 m/s、主导风向为东北风时,三亚市发生O₃超标的概率较高。台风外围和冷高压南下是导致三亚市O₃超标的2种典型天气形势。经聚类分析得到,2019年2个污染过程气团输送路径均来自东北方向,潜在源区分析WPSCF与WCWT的高值区一致性较好,均表明珠三角地区是三亚市重要的O₃污染潜在源区,需要加强与珠三角地区O₃污染的联防联控。     

不同微生物处理工艺对全氟化合物的去除效果

以辽宁省4个采用不同微生物处理工艺的污水处理厂为研究对象,采用WAX固相萃取分离富集和高效液相-质谱联用(HPLC/MS/MS)方法测定了4个污水处理厂中13种PFCs(全氟化合物)〔9种PFCAs(全氟羧酸类化合物,C₄~C₁₂)和4种PFSAs(全氟磺酸类化合物,C₄、C₆、C₈、C₁₀)〕的质量浓度. 研究发现,9种PFCAs(C₄~C₁₂)(记为∑PFCAs)和2种PFSAs(C₄、C₈)(记为∑PFSAs)均有不同程度的检出,水体中各PFCs浓度水平与碳链长度呈显著负相关. 进水中ρ(∑PFCAs)和ρ(∑PFSAs)分别为81.5~135.9和3.7~4.6 ng/L,出水中ρ(∑PFCAs)和ρ(∑PFSAs)分别为47.4~63.3和2.8~3.7 ng/L. 进、出水受PFCAs尤其是短链PFCAs污染较为严重. 4个污水处理厂对PFCs的去除呈现相似的去除效果及规律,即PFCs的去除主要靠活性污泥的吸附作用,而与污水处理厂所采用的微生物处理工艺相关性不大.      

事故致因“2-4”模型中“事件”与“动作”的关系探讨

为进一步完善和简化事故致因"2-4"模型,对模型中的"事件"和"动作"之间的关系进行探讨。首先,通过文献分析,确定了事件、动作和状态的定义及属性,提出了动作是事件的观点并加以图示说明。然后,以北京交通大学"12. 26"较大实验室爆炸事故为案例,对图示进行解释,详细分析了上述观点的合理性。结果表明:动作和状态是人和物都具备的,并且状态包含在动作过程中;动作、状态、事故都是事件,事件是人或物的动作,或者动作过程中的某一瞬时状态,故"2-4"模型中动作和事件是等价的,可以相互替代或混用。     

规模化蛋鸡养殖场栏舍氨排放规律研究

对江西某规模化蛋鸡养殖场栏舍开展每个季节的栏舍氨排放浓度监测,并核算各季节每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量和日栏舍氨排放量。结果表明:(1)氨排放浓度和每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量具有明显的日变化特征,即白天高、夜间低,主要受温度和相对湿度的综合影响;(2)氨排放浓度和每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量的季节变化特征不同,夏季氨排放浓度低但每只蛋鸡的小时栏舍氨排放量大,冬季正好相反,这与该蛋鸡养殖场采用机械通风有关;(3)4个季节每只蛋鸡的日栏舍氨排放量平均为0.372g/(d·只),较国外同为清粪带式结构的蛋鸡栏舍高,建议提高清粪频率。     

荔枝皮对重金属Ni~(2+)的吸附性能

采用批量实验研究了荔枝皮对水中重金属Ni2+吸附的影响因素(如接触时间、pH和吸附剂量)、吸附等温线、吸附动力学和吸附热力学等,并讨论了其吸附机理。结果表明,未改性荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮对Ni2+的吸附平衡时间均为30min;最适pH为6.0~7.0;最佳吸附剂量均为20 g/L。吸附过程均能用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型来很好地描述,且均符合假二次动力学模型。改性荔枝皮和未改性荔枝皮对Ni2+的最大比吸附量分别为11.88和5.19 mg/g。此外,热力学研究结果表明,未改性荔枝皮和改性荔枝皮吸附Ni2+均属于非自发的放热过程。     

Ni2＋对活性污泥活性及群落多样性的影响

通过检测活性污泥的电子传递体系活性以及生物多样性,研究Ni2＋对活性污泥微生物活性及群落多样性的影响。结果表明：与对照系统相比,5mg／L的Ni2＋对2,3,5-lriphenylteItrazoliumchloride（TTC．ETS）活性未产生显著的影响;但当Ni2＋的浓度进一步增大到10、20和40mg／L后,其对序批式反应器内活性污泥TTC—ETS活性的抑制率分别达到（36．794-11．14）％、（55．88±13．90）％和（70．97±6．78）％。低浓度Ni2＋．能增强活性污泥微生物对碳源的利用,但高于10mg／L的Ni2＋则显著抑制了活性污泥微生物对碳源的利用。各个SBR系统中微生物群落最常见的物种相近,物种丰富度和均一性则均有所不同,其中群落物种丰富度随着Ni2＋浓度的增加而逐渐减小。TTC—ETS活性、平均每孔颜色变化率、Shan—liOn指数和Simpson指数,与Ni2＋的胁迫浓度之间的显著相关性表明,它们均可有效地表征Ni2＋胁迫对活性污泥微生物活性及群落多样性的影响程度。     

Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) bioaccessibility in various soils from south China

Serious problems are faced in several parts of the world due to the presence of high concentration of fluoride in drinking water which causes dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans. Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh, India is one such region where high concentration of fluoride is present in groundwater. Since there are no major studies in the recent past, the present study was carried out to understand the present status of groundwater quality in Nalgonda and also to assess the possible causes for high concentration of fluoride in groundwater. Samples from 45 wells were collected once every 2 months and analyzed for fluoride concentration using an ion chromatograph. The fluoride concentration in groundwater of this region ranged from 0.1 to 8.8 mg/l with a mean of 1.3 mg/l. About 52% of the samples collected were suitable for human consumption. However, 18% of the samples were having less than the required limit of 0.6 mg/l, and 30% of the samples possessed high concentration of fluoride, i.e., above 1.5 mg/l. Weathering of rocks and evaporation of groundwater are responsible for high fluoride concentration in groundwater of this area apart from anthropogenic activities including irrigation which accelerates weathering of rocks.     

Life cycle and economic assessment of enhanced ecological floating beds applied water purification

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The ecological floating beds (EFB) are widely used in water quality restoration because of its low cost, high efficiency, and green characteristics....     

Mechanochemical synthesis of MAPbBr3/carbon sphere composites for boosting carrier-involved superoxide species

Lead halide perovskites MAPbX₃ (MA = CH₃NH₃ or Cs; X = I, Br, Cl) are well considered to be potential candidates for photocatalytic reaction due to its excellent photoelectrical properties, but they still suffer from the low charge separation efficiency and slow catalytic reaction dynamics. To tackle the drawbacks, herein, MAPbBr₃/carbon sphere (CS) composite photocatalysts using glucose as the carbon source were elaborately designed and fabricated via a dry mechanochemical grinding process. The interfacial interaction Pb-O-C chemical bonds were constructed between MAPbBr₃ and the carbon sphere surface containing organic functional groups. By optimizing the content of CSs, the enhanced photocatalytic degradation kinetic rate of Malachite Green (MG) pollutants (92% within 20 min) for MAPbBr₃/CS_x (x = 17 wt.%) is about 3.6-fold of that for pristine MAPbBr₃, which is attributed to the corporative adsorption and enhanced carrier transportation and separation of MAPbBr₃/CS_x. Furthermore, the possible degradation mechanism was proposed on basis of the electrochemical, mass spectrometry and optical characterization results. Owing to the robust interfacial interaction, effective electron extraction rate (k_et = 4.6 × 10⁷ sec^?1) from MAPbBr₃ to CS can be established, which driven oxygen activation where superoxide radicals (?O₂^?) played an important role in MG degradation. It is expected that mechanochemistry strategy may provide a new route to design efficient lead halide perovskite-carbon or metal oxide or sulfide composite photocatalysts.