皂素生产废水的资源化综合利用实验

皂素生产废水是强酸性高浓度有机废水,富含淀粉水解后的糖类.据此特点,以皂素生产中的一次废水为原料,经中和处理后进行酒精发酵,使废水资源化.结果表明,采用工业氨水为中和剂,中和用量为5.20%(体积分数),发酵接种量为10%(体积分数),总发酵时间为60 h时,4 L废水可生产出95%的工业酒精120 mL.一次废水COD去除率达75%,后续废水量大大减少,具有明显的环境效益.经估算每生产lt工业酒精可处理4lt一次废水,与生产成本相比,具有明显的经济效益.     

泛比电阻电除尘器收尘性能实验研究

泛比电阻电除尘器是一种具有辅助电极和交错平板收尘电极的新型电除尘器.通过对其伏安特性及除尘效率的试验研究,并与传统线板式静电除尘器进行比较,结果表明辅助电极对电晕电流具有明显的抑制作用,在相同的外加电压下,泛比电阻电除尘器对高比电阻锅炉飞灰的收尘效率比普通的线板式电除尘器明显要高.     

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy application in environmental monitoring of water quality: a review

Water quality monitoring is a critical part of environmental management and protection, and to be able to qualitatively and quantitatively determine contamination and impurity levels in water is especially important. Compared to the currently available water quality monitoring methods and techniques, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has several advantages, including no need for sample pre-preparation, fast and easy operation, and chemical free during the process. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the fundamentals of aqueous LIBS analysis and effectively apply this technique to environmental monitoring. This article reviews the research conducted on LIBS analysis for liquid samples, and the article content includes LIBS theory, history and applications, quantitative analysis of metallic species in liquids, LIBS signal enhancement methods and data processing, characteristics of plasma generated by laser in water, and the factors affecting accuracy of analysis results. Although there have been many research works focusing on aqueous LIBS analysis, detection limit and stability of this technique still need to be improved to satisfy the requirements of environmental monitoring standard. In addition, determination of nonmetallic species in liquid by LIBS is equally important and needs immediate attention from the community. This comprehensive review will assist the readers to better understand the aqueous LIBS technique and help to identify current research needs for environmental monitoring of water quality.     

Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: the case of Changzhou, China

Changzhou is a typical waterside municipality with approximately 2,500 years of history located south of the Yangtze River. It was an agriculturally oriented region but is becoming an industrialized region. Rural green landscaping in this region possesses characteristics of traditional Chinese gardens. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas through public perception-based and expert/design approaches. The former approach enables us to rank green landscaping based on a survey of public preference; the latter weighs the contributions of the attributes contained in a photograph to its overall scenic beauty via correlation, regression, and factor analyses. The photographs used in the survey included road greenways, riparian greenways, residential public gardens and green landscaping around houses, with each type of landscape represented by seven photographs. In total, 141 college students and 41 other participants ranked photographs of each landscaping type from highest to lowest preference. The results indicate that the preferences of students are similar to those of the general public. Examples of green landscaping depicted in the “best” four photographs possessed more attractive qualities regarding the variety of vegetation, richness of colors and a selection of human additions compared to those depicted in the “worst” photographs. The perceived visual quality was positively influenced by, in decreasing order of importance, the variety of vegetation, color contrast, the openness of green spaces, the area of vegetation, and positive man-made elements; conversely, it was negatively influenced by the type of topography. Moreover, some suggestions were offered for future rural greening regarding perceived visual beauty.     

炼油废碱液的综合利用

炼油废碱液是石油加工过程中采用氢氧化钠溶液吸收硫化氢、碱洗油品产生的含硫废碱液和含环烷酸钠废碱液。通过研究 ,综述了炼油废碱液的利用技术主要有熬制工业硫化碱、结晶提取Na2S、废碱液造纸制浆、沉淀法再生废碱液和中和法回收环烷酸等。试验发现 ,Fe2O3、ZnO等沉淀剂对有机硫几乎无脱除效果 ,处理后碱液仍散发出恶臭味。经过大量试验和选择 ,采用CuO作沉淀剂 ,不仅沉淀了S2 - ,而且RS -也得以氧化 ,并发现滤渣对残余有机硫有强烈的吸附作用 ,得到了无色、无臭的再生碱液。     

Effects of Natural Disasters on Conservation Policies: The Case of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China

Conservation policies are increasing in response to human-induced ecosystem degradation, but little is known about their interplay with natural disasters. Through an analysis of satellite imagery and field data we evaluated the impacts of a devastating earthquake on forest recovery and avoided forest loss estimated to have been obtained by two of the largest conservation programs in the world. Results show that more than 10% of the forests in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province, China were immediately affected by the 2008 earthquake, offsetting some gains in forest cover observed since the enactment of the conservation programs. But without the enactment of these conservation programs, the combined effects of human disturbance and earthquake-induced landslides could have severely reduced the region’s forest cover. The continuation—and enhancement—of incentives for participation in conservation programs will be important for reducing the environmental impacts of the combined effects of human disturbance and natural hazards not only in the study area but also in many disaster-prone regions around the world.     

One-dimensional model for municipal solid waste (MSW) settlement considering coupled mechanical-hydraulic-gaseous effect and concise calculation

A new model entitled the coupled mechanical-hydraulic-gaseous effect and biochemical degradation for municipal solid waste (MSW) is proposed to simulate and predict the MSW settlement in this study. The coupled model can be used to simulate and predict the distributions of gas and water pressure as well as total waste settlement. Model verification indicates that because of degradation, the excess pore gas pressure increases rapidly and reaches a peak value in a short time, and then it dissipates gradually. But the excess pore water pressure may not always increase at the beginning, which depends on hydraulic conductivity of MSW. Dissipation of the excess pore water pressure is slower than that of the excess pore gas pressure. A waste settlement experiment was conducted in the laboratory using a synthetic MSW. The data was used to verify the developed model, which gave satisfactory results. Based on the experimental results, a new formula is proposed to simulate biochemical degradation.     

可燃物填充比对火蔓延影响的实验研究

提出了一种可精确控制燃料床填充比的方法.以刨花为燃料,开展了可燃物填充比对火蔓延影响的系统性实验研究.分析了火焰长度、火焰倾斜角、火蔓延速率、质量损失速率和热流密度随填充比的变化规律.研究发现,随填充比增大,火焰长度逐渐减小,火焰倾斜角逐渐增加,导致火焰热辐射降低、火蔓延速率减小.当填充比小于0.06时,燃料消耗率接近...     

混沌粒子群算法在水污染控制系统规划中的应用

针对常用的最优化方法解决水污染控制系统规划问题运算过程较复杂,容易陷入局部极值,且优化解精度不高的情况,尝试利用混沌方法和粒子群算法相结合的混沌粒子群算法(chaos particle swarm optimization,CPSO)求解此类问题。CPSO算法具有原理简单,且能快速获得最优解的特点。在实例应用中与遗传算法和MATLAB优化函数的优化结果做了比较,CPSO算法的性能以及得到的解明显优于后两种方法,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

上海市全雷电探测系统及其应用

上海市气象局TS7/8000全雷电探测系统是在原SAFIR3000基础上,新增了1个LS8000传感器和3个LS7000传感器,组成了上海TS7/8000全雷电探测系统。该系统的建成扩大了市气象部门对上海及周边地区闪电的探测范围,也提高了对云闪和地闪的探测效率和探测精度。上海市全雷电探测系统获取的闪电数据,已在上海地区的雷电监测预警、短时天气预报、雷击风险评估业务和雷灾事故调查等方面取得了广泛的应用。作为中国地区第一套TS7/8000全雷电探测系统,上海市全雷电探测系统将为防御气象灾害,保护人民群众生命财产安全起到重要作用。