铊在河流沉积物上的吸附解吸行为研究

水体环境条件的改变直接影响铊在水体沉积物的吸附解吸行为,进而影响到铊在水环境中的迁移、转化途径.本实验采用北京市凉水河(L8)及其沿岸的藕田(L6)沉积物作为研究对象,研究了Tl(Ⅰ)在沉积物上的吸附特征及pH对其吸附过程的影响,并考察了以沉积物浸出液和背景电解质作为解吸体系时,Tl(Ⅰ)自沉积物上解吸的变化情况.研究结果表明:①两种沉积物对铊的吸附速度较快,初始的5 min内,沉积物对铊的吸附量达到最大吸附量的90％ (L6)和80％(L8)以上,12h基本达到吸附平衡.②沉积物L6和L8对Tl(I)吸附量均随着初始浓度的升高而增大,但是L6的吸附量明显高于L8.两种沉积物对铊的吸附等温线用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程拟合均得到较好的拟合结果,在分析吸附解吸机理时,Langmuir方程更能说明其物理化学意义.③pH对铊在沉积物上的吸附影响较大,随着体系pH的增大,吸附量逐渐增大.④沉积物浸出液的高效体积排阻色谱和三维荧光表征结果表明沉积物浸出液中主要以类蛋白和腐殖酸类物质为主,荧光强度集中在1100 ～1550之间.用沉积物浸出液代替背景电解质作为解吸体系时,解吸量增加了2.232 mg·kg-1(L6)和1.494 mg·kg-1(L8)(C0 =0.33 mg·L-1),铊更易从沉积物浸出液的环境下解吸下来,进入水体.     

我国城市可持续发展能力的评价

应用社会、经济、资源、环境四大类系统的２４个指标，分别采用数理统计、加权迭加、系统聚类等数学分析方法，对我国３０个大城市的可持续发展能力进行了综合分析与评价，并且选用协调度与综合评价值双重指标对各类城市发展战备进行分类指导与科学决策。     

Allowance and allocation of industrial volatile organic compounds emission in China for year 2020 and 2030

As an effective pollution control method, emission allowance and allocation just implemented in volatile organic compounds(VOCs) control strategy of China in 2016. This article presents a possible way to set the emission allowance targets and establishes an allowance allocation model for the object year, 2020 and 2030, using 2010 as the reference year. On the basis of regression and scenario analysis method, the emission allowance targets were designed,which were 17.902 Tg and 18.224 Tg for 2020 and 2030, with an increasing rate of 28.75% and31.06% compared to 2010. From the perspective of industries, processes using VOCscontaining products, like machinery and equipment manufacturing, would continue to be the most significant industrial VOCs emission sources in the future of China. Four allocation indicators were selected, which are per capita GDP of each province, per capita industrial VOCs emission of each province, the economic contribution of industrial sector to regional economy of each province, and the emission intensity per land area of each province, respectively.Based on information entropy, the weights of the indicators were calculated and an emission allocation model was established, and the results showed that provinces like Shandong,Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Fujian were calculated to obtain more emission allowance while burden more reduction responsibility. Meanwhile, provinces like Guizhou, Ningxia,Hainan, Qinghai and Xizang were on the contrary. This paper suggests governments to enhance or ease to industrial VOCs reduction burden of each province in order to stimulate its economy or change its way of economy development.     

Effect of phosphate on heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of catechol by nano-Fe3O4: Inhibitor or stabilizer?

The effect of phosphate on adsorption and oxidation of catechol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, in a heterogeneous Fenton system was investigated. In situ attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to monitor the surface speciation at the nano-Fe₃O₄ catalyst surface. The presence of phosphate decreased the removal rate of catechol and the abatement of dissolved organic compounds, as well as the decomposition of H₂O₂. This effect of phosphate was mainly due to its strong reaction with surface sites on the iron oxide catalyst. At neutral and acid pH, phosphate could displace the adsorbed catechol from the surface of catalyst and also could compete for surface sites with H₂O₂. In situ IR spectra indicated the formation of iron phosphate precipitation at the catalyst surface. The iron phosphate surface species may affect the amount of iron atoms taking part in the catalytic decomposition of H₂O₂ and formation of hydroxyl radicals, and inhibit the catalytic ability of Fe₃O₄ catalyst. Therefore, phosphate ions worked as stabilizer and inhibitor in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction at the same time, in effect leading to an increase in oxidation efficiency in this study. However, before use of phosphate as pH buffer or H₂O₂ stabilizer in a heterogeneous Fenton system, the possible inhibitory effect of phosphate on the actual removal of organic pollutants should be fully considered.     

浅析山地型风力发电场生态环境影响

随着中国风电产业的迅速发展,风电场建设越来越多,风电场的建设对调节能源结构,减轻环境污染,减少温室气体排放,缓解电力紧张都有着重要的意义.风力发电对生态环境的不利影响主要表现在施工期和运行期,施工期生态影响为植物量损失,运行期生态影响为对鸟类和景观影响.以五凤山风电场为例,探讨了山地型风电场对生态环境的影响.主要为对植被、鸟类和景观的影响,并提出了有效的环境保护措施.     

Analysis on the Evolution of Regional Economic Disparity in the West Coast of the Strait

With the implementation of reform and opening-up, the overall economy of China has made brilliant achievements; meanwhile, however, the economic disparity has been enlarging among some regions, and between the city and the countryside. The existence and evolution of this kind of economic disparity is concerned with social stability, sustainable development and the construction of harmonious society, which has gradually become the hotspot in social economic development. The West Coast of the Strait （WCS） located in southeast littoral areas is adjacent to the Pearl and Yangtze River Delta in the south and north and faces Taiwan Province in the east. The stability and development of this region has vital political and economic meaning in the social economic development of our country. It has important theoretical meaning and practical value to research the form, characteristics and evolution of regional economic disparity in the WCS. Based on insightful analysis on existing study results on the WCS, the paper defines the connotation and extension. By a series of absolute and comparative relative evaluation indexes and taking the WCS since 1992 as the study object, the paper makes analysis on different scales including three regions, four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties, quantitatively evaluates the level, characteristics and evolution of the regional economic disparity and compares the regional economic disparity on different scales. The main conclusions are as follows： the variation trend of the absolute disparity of the whole region is obvious and stable, which has presented an inflating trend; the comparative variation trend on a large scale has waved, The comparative disparity of the three regions increased annually from 1992 to around 2000, which had a decreasing trend from around 2000 to 2005; the comparative variation trend on a small scale was not stable, which showed an annual increase of four regions, 20 cities and 152 counties from 1992 to around 2003 and a decrease from around 2003 to 2005; the     

广州城市湿地的景观特点及小气候效应

研究了广州城市湿地景观特点,对广州市5个不同类型湿地周边的气温、相对湿度及风速进行了一年的测定,分析了城市湿地周边的小气候效应.广州市湿地总面积为74 373 hm2,占国土面积的10%,其中老城区的湿地面积为18 400hm2,占老城区国土面积的15.8%.广州市老城区湿地斑块平均密度(以每10 000 hm2面积内拥有的湿地斑块数计)为2.8块,平均距离为3 270 m.气温随着与湿地距离的增大逐渐升高,200 m观测点的年平均气温比水边高0.8℃.相对湿度的变化与温度的变化相反,随着与湿地距离的增大而降低,200 m观测点的年平均相对湿度比水边低2.4%.湿地周围的平均风速(在100 m范围内)随与湿地距离的增大而降低.市郊湿地与市区内最高温的湿地比,年平均气温低2.7℃,夏季平均气温低1.1 ℃,冬季平均气温低4.1℃.气温的日变化呈单峰型,夏季13:00达到最高,冬季15:00达到最高.相对湿度的日变化和气温的日变化相反,早晨最高,13:00-15:00最低.市郊湿地的日平均相对湿度较市区内湿地高,夏季最大差值达7.5%;冬季最大差值达17.4%.风速的日变化冬季基本呈单峰型,1 d中以11:00的风速较大.夏季13:00风速有所下降,1 d中以15:00-17:00的风速较大.市郊湿地的日平均风速较市区内湿地夏季高30%,冬季高60%.气温和空气相对湿度的季节变化呈单峰型.     

煤燃烧超细颗粒物的粒径分布及数浓度排放特征试验

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)对煤燃烧排放的超细颗粒物粒径分布特征进行测量研究,并对单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的超细颗粒物数量排放因子进行分析.结果表明,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度粒径谱呈对数双峰分布,颗粒几何平均粒径(the geometry mean diameter,GMD)约为23.1 nm.在燃烧阶段,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度随时间呈指数增长,各模态颗粒物数浓度与煤粉量呈线性相关关系,单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的核模态颗粒物数量排放因子为(1.50±0.64)×1010个·mg-1,爱根核模态颗粒为(1.18±0.56)×1010个·mg-1,积聚模态颗粒物为(0.19±0.06)×1010个·mg-1,总颗粒物为(2.87±1.09)×1010个·mg-1.在扩散过程中,颗粒粒径随时间呈线性增长,粒径增长速率与煤粉量呈线性相关关系.单位质量煤粉燃烧排放的颗粒粒径平均增长速率为7.5 nm·h-1·mg-1.