石化企业突发环境风险评价与分级方法研究

为了降低环境污染事故发生频率,急需建立科学高效的环境风险管理体系,而环境风险评估与分级技术是进行环境风险分级管理的前提和基础.本研究在对石化企业环境风险特征分析的基础上,构建了基于危险物质、生产工艺、设备设施、企业管理、企业布局的石化企业突发环境风险综合评价指标体系,并建立了相应的风险评价模型.同时,提出了4级风险分级管理体系,并在此基础上以长江下游某化工园区为例进行研究.结果表明,在园区30家石化企业中,存在特大环境风险的企业有1家,重大环境风险的企业2家,占企业总数的10%.本研究提出的石化企业风险评价指标体系及评价、分级方法科学可行,能够为石化企业风险管理提供决策依据.     

区域碳排放效率评价及影响因素分析

以长三角、珠三角与京津冀三大经济圈为研究对象,运用考虑非期望产出SBM模型、Malmquist全要素生产率指数模型分析碳排放效率的静态、动态变化特征和差异性,并进一步探讨三大经济圈碳排放效率影响因素的作用效果.结果表明,2007—2016年间三大经济圈的碳排放效率整体上水平较低,三大经济圈碳排放效率在时序上的变动都经历了高值波动、持续下降和低值波动阶段.从Malmquist指数分解情况来看,技术退步是全要素生产率下降的主要原因,规模效率存在不足,全要素生产率整体水平有待提高,碳排放效率提升空间巨大.地区产业结构、能源利用效率、外资依存度、城市化水平等因素对三大经济圈的碳排放效率影响显著,技术进步水平与其他因素相比对碳排放效率的影响效果并不明显.     

我国城市可持续发展能力的评价

应用社会、经济、资源、环境四大类系统的２４个指标，分别采用数理统计、加权迭加、系统聚类等数学分析方法，对我国３０个大城市的可持续发展能力进行了综合分析与评价，并且选用协调度与综合评价值双重指标对各类城市发展战备进行分类指导与科学决策。     

代谢表面活性剂菌处理含油污泥的研究

试验采用异位生物修复技术堆肥法,对某炼厂油泥进行生物修复处理研究.用微生物代谢的表面活性剂对油泥进行预处理,洗脱油泥中部分油分后进行堆肥试验,投加从油田含油土壤中获得的以石油为唯一碳源、代谢高效生物表面活性剂的微生物C-2菌、F-2菌以及无机营养物和疏松剂(锯末),降解油泥中的石油污染物.经过外源微生物和内源微生物共同作用120 d,油泥中的石油烃总量由22 910 mg/kg下降到3 000 mg/kg以下.试验利用色谱-质谱联用方法分析了降解前后石油组分的变化.菌株经传统方法鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌.     

Distribution,origin, and transformation of metal and metalloid pollution in vegetable fields,irrigation water,and aerosols near a Pb-Zn mine

Pollution of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in vegetable fields was investigated near a Pb-Zn mine that has been exploited for over 50 years without a tailing reservoir. A total of 205 water, soil, and aerosol samples were taken and quantified by combined chemical, spectrometric, and mineral analytical methods. The pollution origins were identified by Pb isotopes and the pathways of transformation and transport of the elements and minerals was studied. The data showed that the vegetable fields were seriously polluted by As, Cd, and Pb. Some concentrations in the samples were beyond the regulatory levels and not suitable for agricultural activities. This study revealed that: (1) particulate matter is a major pollution source and an important carrier of mineral particles and pollutants; (2) the elements from the polluted water and soils were strongly correlated with each other; (3) Pb isotope ratios from the samples show that Pb minerals were the major pollution sources in the nearby vegetable fields, and the aerosols were the main carrier of mining pollution; (4) the alkaline, rich-carbonate, and wet conditions in this area promoted the weathering and transformation of galena into the secondary minerals, anglesite and cerussite, which are significant evidence of such processes; (5) the soil and the aerosols are a recycled secondary pollution source for each other when being re-suspended with wind. Highlights ? Mining activities generated heavy metal pollution in fields around a Pb-Zn mine ? The elements from water and soils are strongly correlated ? Anglesite and cerussite are evidence of galena transformation into secondary minerals ? Particulate matter is an important transport carrier of pollution     

基于人体健康模型（IEUBK、ALM）的温岭地区土壤环境铅基准值研究

以浙江温岭市人群(孕妇、儿童)为研究对象,借鉴国际上认可度较高的由美国国家环境保护署开发的综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型(IEUBK)及成人血铅模型(ALM),采用实验室检测、问卷调查、文献查询等多种方式优化模型参数,推导出该区域基于人群健康风险的土壤环境铅基准值分别为180 mg·kg-1(IEUBK)、555.6 mg·kg-1(ALM),低于英美等发达国家不同场地铅土壤环境基准值.同时,对2种模型参数进行蒙特卡罗分析,探讨模型单因子变化对预测结果造成的影响.结果发现,IEUBK模型参数中空气、饮用水2种介质的铅暴露浓度敏感性均为50.8%,ALM模型中育龄妇女血铅含量几何标准差GSD、根据设定目标血铅浓度时保护人群的概率水平取值n等参数均呈负敏感性,且敏感性最高分别为-39.6%、-19.5%.由敏感性分析结果可知,呼吸暴露途径对模型结果的影响较为显著且普遍高于经口暴露,但由于经口暴露累加的消化吸收量较高,对模型的预测结果也造成一定程度的影响.本研究中优化模型参数提高推导结果的灵敏度可使预测结果更为科学、准确,降低其不确定性,可为后期我国污染土壤铅基准值的制定提供理论依据.此外,需要说明的是,模型涉及的人群铅暴露途径受体为美国人群,是否完全适合中国人群尚需要进一步研究.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性研究

采用固定水力停留时间(HRT)、逐步提高进水土霉素(OTC)浓度的方式,考察了四格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性,以期为工程实践提供理论指导和技术参考.结果表明,ABR在pH=7.00~7.50、(35±1)℃、HRT=24 h、进水初始COD为2000.0mg·L-1的条件下启动,经49 d的运行,在进水COD为4500.0 mg·L-1、OTC为0.1 g·m-3·d-1、pH=7.20条件下达到了稳定状态,系统COD去除效率稳定在95.0%左右.在维持进水COD和HRT不变的条件下,通过增加进水OTC浓度的方式将OTC的负荷分阶段提高为1.0、3.3和5.0g·m-3·d-1的过程中,ABR对OTC的去除率略有下降,从59.9%降低到了57.7%,而对COD的去除率则始终保持在95%上下.可见,ABR处理土霉素废水具有有效性和运行稳定性,是值得深入研发的土霉素废水处理工艺.     

煤燃烧超细颗粒物的粒径分布及数浓度排放特征试验

利用快速迁移率粒径谱仪(fast mobility particle sizer,FMPS)对煤燃烧排放的超细颗粒物粒径分布特征进行测量研究,并对单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的超细颗粒物数量排放因子进行分析.结果表明,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度粒径谱呈对数双峰分布,颗粒几何平均粒径(the geometry mean diameter,GMD)约为23.1 nm.在燃烧阶段,煤燃烧超细颗粒物数浓度随时间呈指数增长,各模态颗粒物数浓度与煤粉量呈线性相关关系,单位质量煤粉燃烧产生的核模态颗粒物数量排放因子为(1.50±0.64)×1010个·mg-1,爱根核模态颗粒为(1.18±0.56)×1010个·mg-1,积聚模态颗粒物为(0.19±0.06)×1010个·mg-1,总颗粒物为(2.87±1.09)×1010个·mg-1.在扩散过程中,颗粒粒径随时间呈线性增长,粒径增长速率与煤粉量呈线性相关关系.单位质量煤粉燃烧排放的颗粒粒径平均增长速率为7.5 nm·h-1·mg-1.     

Effect of phosphate on heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of catechol by nano-Fe3O4: Inhibitor or stabilizer?

The effect of phosphate on adsorption and oxidation of catechol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, in a heterogeneous Fenton system was investigated. In situ attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to monitor the surface speciation at the nano-Fe₃O₄ catalyst surface. The presence of phosphate decreased the removal rate of catechol and the abatement of dissolved organic compounds, as well as the decomposition of H₂O₂. This effect of phosphate was mainly due to its strong reaction with surface sites on the iron oxide catalyst. At neutral and acid pH, phosphate could displace the adsorbed catechol from the surface of catalyst and also could compete for surface sites with H₂O₂. In situ IR spectra indicated the formation of iron phosphate precipitation at the catalyst surface. The iron phosphate surface species may affect the amount of iron atoms taking part in the catalytic decomposition of H₂O₂ and formation of hydroxyl radicals, and inhibit the catalytic ability of Fe₃O₄ catalyst. Therefore, phosphate ions worked as stabilizer and inhibitor in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction at the same time, in effect leading to an increase in oxidation efficiency in this study. However, before use of phosphate as pH buffer or H₂O₂ stabilizer in a heterogeneous Fenton system, the possible inhibitory effect of phosphate on the actual removal of organic pollutants should be fully considered.     

漂浮阴极SMFC传感器产电信号对不同重金属污染的响应特征及机制研究

我国十分重视对突发性水污染事件的监测和处置.本研究设计了一种实时在线监测重金属污染事件的漂浮阴极沉积物-微生物燃料电池传感器(漂浮阴极SMFC传感器).该传感器阳极埋设在淹水土壤中,阴极漂浮在水面作为污染响应元件,并向阴极分别加入Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺、Co²⁺、Ni²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺、Cr⁶⁺溶液以模拟水体重金属污染事件,以探究该传感器电信号对不同重金属污染的响应特征及机制.结果显示,Cu²⁺和Cr⁶⁺污染引起传感器出现明显的电压峰,而其他5种重金属污染则未引起明显的电信号响应.该传感器电压信号对Cu²⁺污染的最低检测限为5 mg·L^-1,灵敏度为1.06 mV·L·mg^-1,线性范围为5～40 mg·L^-1;Cr⁶⁺污染的最低检测限为40 mg·L^-1,灵...