影响地震救灾效率的因素分析——以汶川8.0级地震和玉树7.1级地震为例

从地震报告死亡人数与震后时间关系的角度来定义救灾效率;研究了近20年发生在世界各地的震级大、伤亡严重、破坏性极大的34个地震。采用多元素分析法,探讨了地震救灾效率与死亡人数、地震震级、烈度、人均GDP、人口密度以及最大救灾效率发生的时刻等之间的关系。研究发现:死亡人数是影响救灾效率的最主要的因素,随着死亡人数的增加,救灾效率会越低;震级以及最大救灾效率发生时刻与救灾效率之间也存在显著的负相关;而震区的经济水平和人口密度对救灾效率的影响并不显著。比较了2008年汶川8.0级地震和2010年玉树7.1级地震,发现玉树地震的人均救灾效率较汶川地震有大幅度提升。     

Cultivars and oil extraction techniques affect Cd/Pb contents and health risks in oil of rapeseed grown on Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland

● Organic solvent extracted fewer Cd/Pb in rapeseed oil than physical pressing. ● Brassica rapa transferred fewer Cd and Pb from seed to oil than Brassica napus . ● Carcinogenic risk mainly from Cd and worth more concern than noncarcinogenic risk. ● Organic solvent specially SLB pose less heath risk for oil than physical pressing. ● Rapeseed oil posed higher carcinogenic risk for rural residents than urban. Substitute planting with rapeseed offers promise for safely using large areas of Cd/Pb-contaminated farmland. Cd/Pb distributions during rapeseed oil production were investigated and health risks posed by the oil were assessed. Tests were performed using three cultivars (Brassica rapa SYH and ZS100 and Brassica napus QY-1) and four oil extraction techniques (mechanical and low-temperature pressing and n-hexane and subcritical low-temperature butane extraction). The amounts of Cd and Pb in oil were 0.73%–8.44% and 3.14%–11.76%, respectively, of the amounts in rapeseed and were strongly affected by the cultivar and oil extraction technique. The heavy metal (HM) concentrations were lower in solvent-extracted oil (particularly subcritical low-temperature butane extracted oil, in which HMs were not detected) than mechanically pressed oil. The Cd and Pb transfer indices were lower (meaning larger proportions of HMs were retained by the rapeseed meal) for B. rapa than B. napus. This was attributed to a high HM binding protein content of B. rapa seed. Health risks to humans were assessed using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk was mainly (97.1%–99.9%) caused by Cd and poses more concern than non-carcinogenic risk. Stronger health risks are posed by mechanically pressed than solvent-extracted oil, and higher carcinogenic risks are posed to people living in rural areas than urban areas. Substitute planting with B. rapa and extracting oil with organic solvent (preferably subcritical low-temperature butane) are optimal for safely utilizing Cd/Pb-contaminated soil. Attention should be paid to the health risks posed by Cd in oil to rural populations.     

Zr-Fe双组分复合除砷吸附剂的优化制备及性能评价

实验发现,铁氧化物或铁的羟基氧化物对As(V)有较好的吸附性能,而锆氧化物或锆水合氧化物则对As(Ⅲ)有优异的吸附选择性,但其使用的pH通常要在9的条件下。通过简单的共沉淀法制备了Zr-Fe双组分复合吸附剂,在制备过程中通过优化制备条件如:沉淀剂浓度、金属离子总浓度、金属离子配比、反应温度、反应时间及吸附剂价格等因素,最终合成出了对As(V)和As(Ⅲ)都具有良好吸附能力的吸附剂。这种吸附剂在中性条件下对As(V)和As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量为62 mg/g和118 mg/g。     

中部地区二级环境监测站应急监测能力优化

以宜昌市环保监测站应急监测工作为例,对目前中部地区二级环境监测站应急监测能力存在的不足进行了评析,提出了建立应急监测专门机构、完善应急监测机构体系和网络、建立应急监测信息库和提高应急监测实战能力等具有针对性的优化应急监测能力建设的方案,旨在尽快提高中部地区二级环境监测站应急监测水平。     

In situ nitrogen removal processes in intertidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary

Estuarine and intertidal wetlands are important sites for nitrogen transformation and elimination. However, the factors controlling nitrogen removal processes remain largely uncertain in the highly dynamic environments. In this study, continuous-flow experiment combined with ¹⁵N isotope pairing technique was used to investigate in situ rates of denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and their coupling with nitrification in intertidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The measured rates varied from below the detection limit to 152.39 µmol N/(m²·hr) for denitrification and from below the detection limit to 43.06 µmol N/(m²·hr) for anammox. The coupling links of nitrogen removal processes with nitrification were mainly dependent on nitrate, organic carbon, sulfide, dissolved oxygen and ferric iron in the estuarine and intertidal wetlands. Additionally, it was estimated that the actual nitrogen removal processes annually removed approximately 5% of the terrigenous inorganic nitrogen discharged into the Yangtze Estuary. This study gives new insights into nitrogen transformation and fate in the estuarine and intertidal wetlands.     

地铁乘客火灾应激反应过程模型构建与分析

为提高地铁乘客的火灾应对能力,基于应激反应模型,构建地铁火灾应激反应过程理论模型;收集357份有效问卷数据,采用因子分析和结构方程模型(SEM),探讨个体特性、特定情境、认知评价、社会支持、应对方式和应对结果6个变量及变量各维度之间的相互影响关系.研究结果表明:个体特性可以正向调节心理反应结果,特定情境变量可以反向调节...     

美国页岩气压裂返排液处理技术进展及前景展望

页岩气作为一种非常规天然气资源,正在改变着国际能源市场格局。美国的页岩气储量大,工业开发起步早、时间长,在开发技术方面领先优势显著。由于页岩气储藏的特殊性,在开发过程中会产生大量高盐度、组成复杂的压裂返排液和产出水,处理难度大、污染严重。返排液和产出水的处理通常需经过三级处理流程,依次去除水中悬浮物、压裂液残余成份、浮油和钙镁等二价离子,最后完成脱盐达标排放或回用。目前,我国页岩气产业刚刚起步,学习借鉴美国已成熟并且市场化的技术和设备,对实现我国页岩气开发跨越式发展具有重要的指导意义和借鉴价值。     

V2O5-TiO2-AlF3/Al2O3催化臭氧化2,4-滴丙酸的氧化效能

为了提高有机物的臭氧化降解效率,工作中利用浸渍法制备了一种新型的三组分催化剂(记为V2O5-TiO2-AlF3/Al2O3)。催化臭氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸的实验结果表明,该催化剂能有效提高臭氧化的效率,体系可能遵循羟基自由基的作用机理。利用相对法计算结果表明,与单独臭氧化相比,V2O5-TiO2-AlF3/Al2O3催化臭氧化体系具有更大的Rct值。重复实验结果表明,该催化剂具有相对较好的稳定性。以上研究结果对推广催化臭氧化技术在实际废水处理中的应用具有重要的实际意义。     

射频识别技术在废弃电器电子产品处理审核中的应用

自2012年以来,中国建立了废弃电器电子产品处理基金制度,通过补贴支持废弃电器电子产品的规范处理。相关政策明确要求加强废弃电器电子产品拆解处理的环保核查和数量审核,防止补贴资金骗补行为的发生。介绍了中国目前废弃电器电子产品基金审核的方式及存在的问题,并提出了构建物联网、应用射频识别(RFID)技术的解决方案,可以实现废弃电器电子产品的实际拆解过程与虚拟数据信息管理系统的无缝对接,从而有效改进基金审核的效果。     

烟道喷射石灰(石)烟气脱硫技术综述

本文介绍了近几年发展起来的一种简单、中效、适合燃烧中低硫煤的工业锅炉的烟气脱硫技术———烟道喷射石灰 (石 )烟气脱硫技术。从湿法、干法、半干法 3种工艺对烟道喷射烟气脱硫进行了介绍 ,并提出新型脱硫吸收剂是提高烟道脱硫效率的可行方法。最后指出烟道脱硫今后的研究方向