A new method for broad-scale modeling and projection of plant assemblages under climatic,biotic, and environmental cofiltering

There is increasing interestin broad-scale analysis, modeling, and prediction of the distribution and composition of plant species assemblages under climatic, environmental, and biotic change, particularly for conservation purposes. We devised a method to reliably predict the impact of climate change on large assemblages of plant communities, while also considering competing biotic and environmental factors. To this purpose, we first used multilabel algorithms in order to convert the task of explaining a large assemblage of plant communities into a classification framework able to capture with high cross-validated accuracy the pattern of species distributions under a composite set of biotic and abiotic factors. We applied our model to a large set of plant communities in the Swiss Alps. Our model explained presences and absences of 175 plant species in 608 plots with >87% cross-validated accuracy, predicted decreases in α, β, and γ diversity by 2040 under both moderate and extreme climate scenarios, and identified likely advantaged and disadvantaged plant species under climate change. Multilabel variable selection revealed the overriding importance of topography, soils, and temperature extremes (rather than averages) in determining the distribution of plant species in the study area and their response to climate change. Our method addressed a number of challenging research problems, such as scaling to large numbers of species, considering species relationships and rarity, and addressing an overwhelming proportion of absences in presence–absence matrices. By handling hundreds to thousands of plants and plots simultaneously over large areas, our method can inform broad-scale conservation of plant species under climate change because it allows species that require urgent conservation action (assisted migration, seed conservation, and ex situ conservation) to be detected and prioritized. Our method also increases the practicality of assisted colonization of plant species by helping to prevent ill-advised introduction of plant species with limited future survival probability.     

植物病虫害的遥感探测

本文概述了应用遥感技术探测植物病虫害的原理、途径、优缺点与发展过程.着重报导了最近在安徽省孤山林场开展的从TM图象提取森林松毛虫害的成功试验,并展望了应用遥感技术提高植物病虫害防治水平的前景.     

Solute transport properties of compacted Ca-bentonite used in FEBEX project

The present Spanish concept of a deep geological high level waste repository includes an engineered clay barrier around the canister. The clay presents a very high sorption capability for radionuclides and a very small hydraulic conductivity, so that the migration process of solutes is limited by sorption and diffusion processes. Therefore, diffusion and distribution coefficients in compacted bentonite (i.e. in "realistic" liquid to solid ratio conditions) are the main parameters that have to be obtained in order to characterise solute transport that could be produced after the canister breakdown. Through-Diffusion (TD) and In-Diffusion (ID) experiments with HTO, Sr, Cs and Se were carried out using compacted FEBEX bentonite, which is the reference material for the Spanish concept of radioactive waste disposal. Experiments were interpreted by means of available analytical solutions that allow the estimation of diffusion coefficients and, in some cases, distribution coefficients. Analytical solutions are simple to use, but rely on hypotheses that do not hold in all the experiments. These experiments were interpreted also using an automatic parameter estimation code that overcomes the limitations of analytical solutions. Numerical interpretation allows the simultaneous estimation of porosity, diffusion and distribution coefficients, accounts for the role of porous sinters and time-varying boundary concentrations, and can use different types of raw concentration data.     

Novel synthetic approaches and TWC catalytic performance of flower-like Pt/CeO2

A novel Ultrasonic Assisted Membrane Reduction （UAMR）-hydrothermal method was used to prepare flower-like Pt/CeO2 catalysts. The texture, physical/chemical properties, and reducibility of the flower-like Pt/CeO2 catalysts were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction （XRD）, Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM）, Transmission Electron Microscope （TEM）, N2 adsorption, and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction （HE-TPR） techniques. The catalytic performance of the catalysts for treating automobile emission was studied relative to samples prepared by the conventional wetness impregnation method. The Pt/CeO2 catalysts fabricated by this novel method showed high specific surface area and metal dispersion, excellent three-way catalytic activity, and good thermal stability. The strong interaction between the Pt nanoparticles and CeO2 improved the thermal stability. The Ce4＋ ions were incorporated into the surfactant chains and the Pt nanoparticles were stabilized through an exchange reaction of the surface hydroxyl groups. The SEM results demonstrated that the Pt/CeO2 catalysts had a typical three-dimensional （3D） hierarchical porous struc- ture, which was favorable for surface reaction and enhanced the exposure degree of the Pt nanoparticles. In brief, the flower-like Pt/CeO2 catalysts prepared by UAMR-hydrothermal method exhibited a higher Pt metal dispersion, smaller particle size, better three-way catalytic activity, and improved thermal stability versus conven- tional materials.     

中国电子废物处理处置典型地区污染调查及环境、生态和健康风险研究进展

电子废物含有大量的金属、塑料和阻燃剂等物质,如果处理不当,电子废物将向环境排放种类繁多的有毒有害物质,从而产生严重的环境污染问题。近年来,国内外学者对电子废物处理所致的生态环境问题给予了相当的关注,已经开展了不少相关研究,这些研究主要集中在我国的几个电子废物处理处置典型地区。本文对近5年来的相关研究成果进行了系统综述,内容涉及电子废物处理处置过程中产生的主要环境污染物,电子废物处理处置活动所致的土壤、水体和大气的重金属和持久性有机污染物污染以及电子废物处理处置活动对动植物和人体的污染风险等,并提出将来关于电子废物研究中需要关注的问题。     

Liquefaction of sawdust in hot compressed ethanol for the production of bio-oils

Direct liquefaction of lignocellulosic waste (sawdust) has been conducted in hot-compressed ethanol at temperatures from 150 to 250 °C. It was found that polyols such as glycerol, glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) promoted liquefaction process assisted with hot ethanol treatments seemed promising for production of bio-oils from lignocellulosic materials. Effects of different solvents and catalysts on liquefaction of sawdust were investigated. The results showed that the optimum operating condition for catalytic liquefaction is at 250 °C, 1 h of reaction time using glycerol and ethanol as solvent where operating at this condition realized the highest conversion of sawdust which is 97.8%. After reaction, the liquified product was separated by vacuum distillation. Two fractions were obtained, namely light oil and heavy oil. The properties and compositions of these two fractions were characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).     

乌鞘岭隧道施工环境保护措施探讨

对乌鞘岭隧道施工过程中的环境保护措施进行了探讨,对施工过程中产生的水污染、大气及洞内空气污染、固体废弃物污染、噪声污染、植被破坏等采取了相应的措施,取得了良好的效果。     

中国天然水体中五氯酚的浓度水平、管理及来源分析

五氯酚(PCP)属内分泌污染物,也是可对生物产生复合毒性的有机污染物。五氯酚及其钠盐曾被用作杀螺剂在我国血吸虫病流行疫区大范围长时间使用。为了解PCP在中国水环境中的污染现状,在阐述中国PCP的生产使用状况基础上,重点论述中国水环境介质中PCP的污染分布及影响因素。中国多地河流水环境中均存在PCP,其中沿长江流域的长江、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖PCP残留量较高,虽均在限值范围内,但PCP污染范围有从主要江河、湖泊等向沿海海域蔓延的趋势。PCP使用历史、用药区域类型、区域PCP消耗量等均会影响PCP的残留量,血吸虫病疫区PCP残留量明显高于对照区,在PCP及其钠盐显著减少使用后(2003年以后),施药历史仍然影响着水体介质中PCP的残留情况,PCP虽已停用,但其对环境所造成的不良影响还在持续。与国外研究相比,我国水环境介质中的PCP污染偏高且有上升趋势,这可能与部分区域近年来重现血吸虫病后施药控制有关。未来一段时期内有关PCP及其环境副产物在环境介质中的迁移转化规律、人群暴露评估、污染介质修复技术以及其替代品的研制都将是研究重点领域。     

服装热阻和湿阻的测量与计算

热阻和湿阻是影响服装热湿舒适性的两个重要参数,其测量方法对于研究和改善服装的热湿舒适性具有重要意义。本文介绍了面料和服装的热阻、湿阻的概念和测量方法,以一件连体型防静电无尘服为例,使用出汗暖体假人"Newton",对其热阻、湿阻进行测量,详细阐述了服装的局部到整体的热阻、湿阻的测量与计算,并分析了服装各个局部热阻、湿阻的特点。     

Pleistocene diversification of the Pomacentrus coelestis species complex (Pisces: Pomacentridae): historical biogeography and species boundaries

Pleistocene eustatic changes in sea level are often invoked to explain genetic divergence among marine organisms. However, molecular phylogenies have revealed relatively few examples of speciation events dating to the Pleistocene. We present a species-level hypothesis of the timing of evolution for the Pomacentrus coelestis species complex (Pomacentridae), based on the nuclear S7 intron and the mitochondrial Cytb gene, and reconstruct ancestral range distributions across the timetree. Ancestral range reconstruction suggests the complex originated in the Coral Triangle and East Indian Ocean, with subsequent range expansion outward from this region. We suggest that land barriers to dispersal (e.g., Indo-Pacific barrier) may be responsible for the divergence between Indian (P. alleni, P. similis, P. caeruleopunctatus, and P. caeruleus) and Pacific (P. micronesicus, P. auriventris, and P. coelestis) species groups, and subsequent isolation by Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations in certain areas of the Coral Triangle (glacial refugia) may play an important role in the diversification of this species complex. Additionally, our analyses show cryptic lineages within P. micronesicus and highlight the need for comprehensive sampling within and among species to reveal recent speciation events.