职业安全卫生管理体系探析

介绍了职业安全卫生管理体系(OHSMS)标准化实施进程及发展前景，论述了OHSMS的基本原理和特点，阐述了企业建立OHSMS的意义及企业实施OHSMS的必要性和可行性。     

Cu、Cd污染对土壤脲酶活性的影响研究

随着重金属污染的越来越重,重金属对土壤环境的危害引起人们广泛的关注,土壤酶作为土壤生态系统中生化反应的催化剂,对各种土壤代谢过程起驱动作用.为研究单因素重金属Cu、Cd对于土壤脲酶活性的影响,以至于对环境保护和环境评价工作提供意见.本文采用靛酚蓝比色法测定脲酶活性,以氨氮浓度表征土壤脲酶活性.实验结果表明,随着Cu2＋、Cd2＋浓度的增加,土壤脲酶活性显著降低,即重金属对土壤脲酶具有抑制作用.     

贵州省境内乌江干流水质现状分析

根据贵州省环境监测部门资料显示乌江已成为贵州省水污染程度最为严重的流域,突出的问题是总磷、氟化物超标。本文用最小二乘法模型和t检验方法对贵州省境内乌江干流2006—2013年水质状况进行分析,结果表明乌江干流总磷、氨氮、氟化物,高锰盐指数浓度变化趋式为"无趋势",乌江干流水质稳定,并提出流域污染防治的对策和建议。     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study,the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish(Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization(WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that m RNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The m RNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the m RNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

Zero-valent iron doped carbons readily developed from sewage sludge for lead removal from aqueous solution

Low-cost but high-efficiency composites of iron-containing porous carbons were prepared using sewage sludge and ferric salts as raw materials. Unlike previous time- and energy-consuming manufacturing procedures, this study shows that pyrolyzing a mixture of sludge and ferric salt can produce suitable composites for lead adsorption. The specific surface area, the total pore volume and the average pore width of the optimal composite were 321 m²/g, 0.25 cm³/g, and 3.17 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that ferric salt favored the formation of metallic iron, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the formation of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. The result of batch tests indicated that the adsorption capacity of carbons activated with ferric salt could be as high as 128.9 mg/g, while that of carbons without activation was 79.1 mg/g. The new manufacturing procedure used in this study could save at least 19.5 kJ of energy per gram of activated carbon.     

硒对油菜根尖镉胁迫的缓解作用

为研究镉胁迫对油菜根尖的毒性效应及硒的添加对该毒性效应的缓解作用,采用MS(Murashige and Skoog)培养基培养的方式,研究了0.2 mg·L-1硒对1 mg·L-1镉胁迫下油菜幼苗根系生长、根系构型、根尖膜系统完整性、亚细胞超微结构及细胞凋亡程度的影响.结果表明:镉胁迫下,硒的添加在一定程度上恢复了根系的生长,维持了根系的构型,使得总根长、总表面积和分叉数分别增加了33.28%、18.81%和21.66%;硒对根系形态的恢复作用主要表现在对直径小于1.0 mm的根系的恢复,直径小于1.0 mm的根系总根长提高了44.73%,总表面积提高了37.35%,总体积提高了32.88%;硒能够缓解镉对根尖细胞膜系统完整性的破坏;降低膜脂质过氧化程度,减少自由基的生成量,使得根尖O·-2含量降低了67.47%;并能维系细胞的形态和细胞器的结构完整性.然而,0.2 mg·L-1的硒并未显著降低根尖死亡细胞的数量,仅降低了晚期凋亡细胞的比例.     

二氧化钛纳米颗粒与重金属联合毒性研究进展

二氧化钛纳米颗粒(Ti O2-NPs)在广泛使用的同时也带来了潜在的环境污染、生态和健康风险。随着Ti O2-NPs的废弃量逐年上升,其与环境中重金属的联合毒性特别是对生态环境的影响逐渐引起国内外研究者重视。结合近几年国内外对二者相互作用的研究,重点综述Ti O2-NPs与铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和砷(As)之间的联合毒性,并对存在的问题和今后的关注重点进行探讨。     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu on paddy soil aggregates pretreated with different levels of phosphate

Interactions between anions and cations are important for understanding the behaviors of chemical pollutants and their potential risks in the environment. Here we prepared soil aggregates of a yellow paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, and investigated the effects of phosphate (P) pretreatment on adsorption-desorption of Cu²⁺ of soil aggregates, free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates, goethite, and kaolinite with batch adsorption method. The results showed that Cu²⁺ adsorption was reduced on the aggregates pretreated with low concentrations of P, and promoted with high concentrations of P, showing a V-shaped change. Compared with the untreated aggregates, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was reduced when P application rates were lower than 260, 220, 130 and 110 mg/kg for coarse, clay, silt and fine sand fractions, respectively. On the contrary, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was higher on P-pretreated soil aggregates than on the control ones when P application rates were greater than those values. However, the desorption of Cu²⁺ was enhanced at low levels of P, but suppressed at high levels of P, displaying an inverted V-shaped change over P adsorption. The Cu²⁺ adsorption by the aggregate particles with and without P pretreatments was well described by the Freundlich equation. Similar results were obtained on P-pretreated goethite. However, such P effects on Cu²⁺ adsorption-desorption were not observed on kaolinite and free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates. The present results indicate that goethite is one of the main soil substances responsible for the P-induced promotion and inhibition of Cu²⁺ adsorption.     

无电力驱动的分子筛大气CO_2采样方法的建立及其初步应用

利用~(14)C进行大气化石源CO_2示踪是目前节能减排领域的热点研究,为了更加便利、环保地对大气CO_2进行长期、积时采样,在原有排磷酸溶液集气法的基础上,西安加速器质谱中心研究组设计和建立了新的分子筛采样方法和装置。进一步的实验表明,分子筛解吸附的最佳条件为550℃下热解20 min,该条件下分子筛解吸附效率达99%以上,且重复性良好。该方法所收集的碳量随采样天数呈线性增长,碳吸附速率约为1.04—1.30 mg C?d~(-1),可以满足高精度AMS-~(14)C测定及高分辨率大气~(14)C研究的要求。在相同实验条件下,利用分子筛方法和排磷酸溶液集气法同时采集大气CO_2气体,结果表明,两者存在较好的一致性,说明分子筛法可提供可靠的数据。此外,分子筛法易于操作和运输,并具有便利环保的特性,值得推广使用。目前该方法已应用于大气CO_2的收集,数据表明从冬季供暖期到夏季,西安市大气化石源CO_2浓度以0.22μL?L~(-1)?d~(-1)的速率逐渐降低。化石源CO_2来源分析结果进一步表明,西安市化石源CO_2主要源自于煤燃料的燃烧,而冬季采暖需求导致的煤燃烧量的增加可能是导致冬季化石源CO_2浓度较高的主要原因。     

Removal of carbamazepine and clofibric acid from water using double templates–molecularly imprinted polymers

A novel double templates–molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by precipitation polymerization using carbamazepine (CBZ) and clofibric acid (CA) as the double templates molecular and 2-vinylpyridine as functional monomer. The equilibrium data of MIP was well described by the Freundlich isotherm model. Two kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, and the pseudo second-order model well-described adsorption of CBZ and CA on the MIP. Adsorption experimental results showed that the MIP had good selectivity and adsorption capacity for CBZ and CA in the presence of competitive compounds compared with non-imprinted polymer, commercial powdered activated carbon, and C18 adsorbents. The feasibility of removing CBZ and CA from water by the MIP was demonstrated using tap water, lake water, and river water.