长三角区域环境污染根源剖析及协同治理对策

当前的长三角区域环境治理尽管取得了一定成效,但其治理成本过高且难以达到持久改善的效果。长三角环境污染的根源在于投资驱动型增长导致的结构性污染锁定,以及低端经济导致的能源升级障碍。因此,环境治理应着眼于区域增长方式转型和环境与发展关系的优化,关键问题在于如何改变经济增长的推动方式与路径依赖,如何在新常态经济格局下寻求新的经济增长点,以及如何协调好不同行政区划之间的利益冲突。当前长三角区域需建立区域一体化的环境协同治理机制,推进能源升级与产业去重化进程,促进地区间错位发展与联动发展,以新型城镇化调动新的增长潜力,结合智慧城市建设转变公共服务供给方式,优化城市布局。     

An Optimization Method Based on Scenario Analysis for Watershed Management Under Uncertainty

In conjunction with socioeconomic development in watersheds, increasingly challenging problems, such as scarcity of water resources and environmental deterioration, have arisen. Watershed management is a useful tool for dealing with these issues and maintaining sustainable development at the watershed scale. The complex and uncertain characteristics of watershed systems have a great impact on decisions about countermeasures and other techniques that will be applied in the future. An optimization method based on scenario analysis is proposed in this paper as a means of handling watershed management under uncertainty. This method integrates system analysis, forecast methods, and scenario analysis, as well as the contributions of stakeholders and experts, into a comprehensive framework. The proposed method comprises four steps: system analyses, a listing of potential engineering techniques and countermeasures, scenario analyses, and the optimal selection of countermeasures and engineering techniques. The proposed method was applied to the case of the Lake Qionghai watershed in southwestern China, and the results are reported in this paper. This case study demonstrates that the proposed method can be used to deal efficiently with uncertainties at the watershed level. Moreover, this method takes into consideration the interests of different groups, which is crucial for successful watershed management. In particular, social, economic, environmental, and resource systems are all considered in order to improve the applicability of the method. In short, the optimization method based on scenario analysis proposed here is a valuable tool for watershed management.     

半导体氧化物超细粉末对Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原作用研究

对不同反应条件下ＺｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２超细粉末对水溶液中六价格的还原作用影响进行了研究与对比．结果表明,半导体氧化物ＺｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２对水溶液中六价铬有明显的光催化还原作用,ＺｎＯ比ＴｉＯ２的效果更显著,经９０ｍｉｎ处理后,Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）含量从初始的１００ｍｇ／Ｌ降为０．４７ｍｇ／Ｌ以下;可降解有机物的存在能促进反应的进行,提高六价铬的转化率;随着ｐＨ值的升高,光催化效果减弱．本文还对反应机制和反应速度与反应物浓度的关系,以及废水处理过程中移植（替代）现有Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）处理工艺（还原法）的可能性进行了探讨．     

Effects of sludge age on anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge: Volatile fatty acids production and phosphorus release

Effects of sludge age on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and Phosphorus (P) release during anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) fed with simulating domestic sewage were applied to produce WAS of different sludge ages, and batch tests were used for anaerobic acidification. The maximum dissolved total organic carbon, release of  ${\text{PO}}_4^{3+}?\mathrm{P}$, and accumulation of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), and valerate (C5) decreased by 56.2%, 55.8%, 52.6%, 43.7%, 82.4% and 84.8%, respectively, as the sludge age of WAS increased from 5 to 40 days. Limited degradation of protein played a dominating role in decreasing DTOC and VFAs production. Moreover, the increase in molecular weight of organics and organic nitrogen content in the supernatant after acidification suggested that the refractory protein in WAS increased as sludge age extended. Although the production of C2, C3, C4, and C5 from WAS decreased as the sludge age increased, the proportions of C2 and C3 in VFAs increased, which might be due to the declined production of C5 from protein and the faded genus Dechlorobacter. Keeping sludge age of WAS at a relatively low level (<10 days) is more appropriate for anaerobic acidification of WAS as internal carbon sources and P resource.     

人体周血中性粒细胞核突与环境污染的关系—357例污染区农民核突的检测

据国内外有关资料报道,人体周血中性粒细胞核突与恶性肿瘤有密切关系。而恶性肿瘤与环境污染有关也是众所周知的.但有关环境污染与中性粒细胞核突关系的研究,国外尚未见报道.国内只有陈丽玑等作过初步报道,并认为环境污染越严重,人的中性粒细胞核突率越高。为进一步探讨中性粒细胞核突与环境污染的关系,以发现人体因持续接触小剂量有害物质而引起的慢性损害,并找出一种能快速、简易、直接检测污染物损害人体健康的早期生物学指标的方法,我们对湖北省鸭儿湖氧化塘周围6个村357例农民的中性粒细胞核突进行了观察.     

海河流域灌溉平原区氮磷形态转化和淋失的定位研究

对海河流域平原地区在灌溉条件下N、P形态转化和淋失进行了研究.结果表明,平原地区在灌溉条件下,干湿交替的土壤中将产生硝酸盐及少量亚硝酸盐,这些产物将随灌溉水一起向心土层渗漏,逐渐脱离生物循环进入地质大循环,造成地下水污染.     

突发性水污染事件污染传导机理研究——以松花江水污染事件为例

基于学术界对水污染的研究成果,以松花江水污染事件为例。研究分析在水污染传导链中存在的污染源、污染传导载体、污染传导节点、污染传导信号与污染传导受害者五大传导要素,进而运用沙堆模型来模拟分析水污染事件中污染传导是如何发生的以及通过构造函数模型来探究河流中污染物浓度变化与时间的关系,进而研究污染是如何传导的。全面研究水污染事件中污染传导机理,以期能在水污染事件频发的情形下,深化对水污染的理论认识。     

上海夏季臭氧生成机制时空变化特征及其影响因素研究

上海的臭氧污染呈逐年加重的趋势,深入了解臭氧的生成机制及其时空变化特征是采取科学有效防控措施的前提条件.本研究应用长三角地区最新的臭氧前体物排放清单和本地化WRF/Modified SMOKE/CMAQ数值模型系统,对2017年8月1—9日上海市一次持续性臭氧污染事件进行了模拟研究.同时,在重现臭氧浓度变化趋势的基础上,针对一系列前体物防控措施及其对臭氧峰值浓度的影响开展了敏感性实验,建立了上海夏季臭氧污染爆发时段各区域臭氧及其前体物的非线性响应关系.研究表明,此次臭氧污染事件中上海市臭氧污染机制具有显著的时空变化特征,时间方面,上海市整体臭氧生成机制由NO_x控制经过渡区转变为VOCs控制;空间方面,上海北部及西部多处于NO_x控制,南部为过渡区,中部及东部则以VOCs控制为主,且大尺度环流是导致其时空变化的主要原因.当上海受大陆低压控制盛行偏南风时,区域传输以VOCs为主,臭氧的防控应侧重于NO_x减排;当上海受副高边缘控制主要吹偏北风时,区域传输以NO_x为主,臭氧的防控应侧重于VOCs减排;当上海受弱高压脊控制背景风微弱,区域传输不显著时,臭氧防控的重点应以VOCs和NO_x协同控制为主.在目前的预报技术下,大尺度环流特征通常可以提前48～72 h进行准确预报,因此,可以根据大尺度环流预报结果及时调整本地防控策略,以达到在不同污染特征下臭氧削峰的最大化效果.     

络合剂对燃煤及木材飞灰生物氧化能力的影响

利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物,包括５种燃煤飞灰及一种燃木飞灰,生物氧化能力以及外加螯合剂的影响。结果证实,不同来源飞灰颗粒物氧化剂产生能力不同,且燃煤飞灰产生方式不同,催化氧化剂产生能力亦不同。     

ARC/INFO软件系统在农业土地资源评价中的应用

具有几个土地要素层的综合土地单元制图在土地研究中正在获得日益广泛的应用,它是计算机制图的基础。腾冲农业土地资源评价是在 ARC/INFO 软件系统支持下,在综合土地单元图的基础上进行的。 本研究通过对比,应用了评价模式 TT=V1*(V2+V3+V4)/3*0.01,根据土地对农业利用的适宜程度,将腾冲地区的土地分为四个适宜性等级。