基于贝叶斯网的风险衰减系数的确定

本文引入贝叶斯网络分析的主要目的在于确定风险衰减系数。说明如何借助数学工具-贝叶斯网络分析确定了风险衰减系数的基本分析方法,同时也可得到有毒重气扩散条件下风险的衰减系数,最终完成了风险叠加模型。     

羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(V)的去除性能

采用无机羟基铝及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对天然蒙脱石进行无机及复合改性。在吸附过程中研究了反应时间、投加量和pH等变量对吸附性能的影响,同时进行吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式。采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光、傅里叶红外光谱等表征手段对未改性及改性蒙脱石进行性能表征。研究结果表明,羟基铝及复合改性蒙脱石对As(V)具有良好的吸附性能,在pH为4～10,初始砷浓度为2 mg/L,改性蒙脱石对As(V)的去除率接近99%。吸附机理主要为羟基铝表面络合吸附和静电吸附。     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in riverine and marine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China

PCN congeners were analyzed in marine and riverine sediments of the Laizhou Bay area, North China. Concentrations of PCNs ranged from 0.12 to 5.1 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 1.1 ng g⁻¹ dw. The levels of PCNs varied largely, with industrial group approximately ten folds higher than those of the rural in riverine sediment. A strong impact by direct discharge from local factories was suggested. Similar compositional profiles were found within groups. High resemblance of compositional profiles between industrial samples and Halowax 1014 was observed. It was indicated that PCNs in riverine sediments were mainly from release of industrial usage, with additional contributions from industrial thermal process at certain sites. In marine sediments, it was suggested that PCNs along the coast of Laizhou Bay were mainly controlled by riverine input. While in the central bay, PCN distributions were possibly impacted by combined multiple factors.     

活性炭纤维对于离子的电吸附选择性能研究

通过循环伏安测试、交流阻抗测试、电吸附实验等方法研究了单组分和多组分溶液中不同离子在活性炭纤维电极表面的选择性电吸附性能。结果表明,电吸附选择性能与离子的水合半径、离子价态、离子浓度有关;增大初始浓度可以提高电吸附容量;并且,由于强烈的选择吸附作用,Ca2+离子可以吸附取代其它已经被吸附的离子。     

Characterization of the archaeal community fouling a membrane bioreactor

Biofilm formation, one of the primary causes of biofouling, results in reduced membrane flux or increased transmembrane pressure and thus represents a major impediment to the wider implementation of membrane bioreactor(MBR) technologies for water purification. Most studies have focused on the role of bacteria in membrane fouling as they are the most dominant and best studied organisms present in the MBR. In contrast, there is limited information on the role of the archaeal community in biofilm formation in MBRs. This study investigated the composition of the archaeal community during the process of biofouling in an MBR. The archaeal community was observed to have lower richness and diversity in the biofilm than the sludge during the establishment of biofilms at low transmembrane pressure(TMP). Clustering of the communities based on the Bray–Curtis similarity matrix indicated that a subset of the sludge archaeal community formed the initial biofilms. The archaeal community in the biofilm was mainly composed of Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata,Thermococci, Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia and Halobacteria. Among them, the Thermoprotei and Thermoplasmata were present at higher relative proportions in the biofilms than they were in the sludge. Additionally, the Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata and Thermococci were the dominant organisms detected in the initial biofilms at low TMP, while as the TMP increased, the Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia, Aciduliprofundum and Halobacteria were present at higher abundances in the biofilms at high TMP.     

原油氯化物的起因、危害及控制研究进展

叙述了原油中氯化物的种类、来源和分布情况,通过分析氯在石油炼制过程中的转化、反应以及对设备产生的危害,归纳了目前主要的脱氯技术和存在的问题,并提出有效的防护措施.     

水位下降对某悬索桥桥基边坡稳定性影响分析

悬索桥桥基边坡由锚碇和桥墩构成复杂的的结构体系,其变形特点与天然边坡有很大区别。为深入研究水位下降对桥基边坡稳定性的影响,以某拟建悬索桥桥基边坡为例,采用有限元强度折减法计算了锚碇与桥墩耦合作用下水位下降不同高度边坡的位移、塑性点和安全系数变化规律。结果表明:随着河道水位逐渐下降,边坡发生主要水平位移的部位也随之下移,锚碇附近岩体位移受降水前期影响大;坡体内部塑性点主要分布在锚碇附近,分布范围随水位降低先增加后减少并最终趋于稳定;边坡安全系数随水位的下降先减小后增加,水位下降40 m后安全系数稳定在1.28;通过分析桥基边坡潜在滑裂面,确定了锚碇受拉是桥基边坡稳定性大小的控制性因素。计算成果可为大桥修建过程中边坡的稳定性评估提供参考。     

基于遥感数据估算近地面PM2.5浓度的研究进展

卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)具有广泛的空间覆盖度和相对较高的时空分辨率. 基于AOD与PM_2.5的相关关系来估算PM_2.5浓度已成为监测近地面PM_2.5的有效途径,其估算结果较可靠,能够为治理PM_2.5污染提供数据基础和科学依据. 从反演AOD数据集和PM_2.5浓度估算模型2个方面进行梳理归纳,从卫星轨道运行类型角度分析各类传感器的产品特征,并对缺失AOD的插补方法进行分类评价;对PM_2.5浓度的估算模型进行比较分析,指出不同模型的优缺点和适应性. 结果表明:①各类卫星传感器均具有特定功能及优缺点,其中地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星的快速发展,使其在估算PM_2.5浓度的应用上越来越广泛. ②插补后的AOD比AOD初始产品具有更连续的时空分布和更高的准确性,基于模型的多变量估算不仅可以实现数据的全面覆盖,还可以获得更好的估算精度. ③组合模型成为估算PM_2.5浓度的重要方法,机器学习模型的加入能够有效提高PM_2.5浓度的估算精度. 研究显示,利用AOD估算近地面PM_2.5浓度不仅弥补了地面PM_2.5监测的空间不连续性,更有助于解析PM_2.5浓度的时空分布特征及污染来源.      

2001—2020年天津市大气污染特征的演变与防治历程

近20年来,随着经济社会的快速发展与污染防治工作的不断深入,我国大气污染特征发生显著变化,特别是京津冀及周边城市空气质量显著改善,大气污染特征与来源构成出现结构性变化,十分有必要对这20年来大气污染的演变历程加以梳理总结. 本文选取北方特大工业城市——天津市为研究对象,基于20年来连续监测数据与相关统计学方法,结合天津市历年大气颗粒物源解析结果,总结了该地区大气污染特征的演变过程. 结果表明:天津市环境空气质量在过去20年出现明显好转,大气污染类型由燃煤扬尘为主的一次混合型逐渐演变为O₃与PM_2.5为代表的二次复合型. 历年源解析结果表明,天津市2020年秋冬季二次硫酸盐贡献率比2011年同期减少了74.1%,燃煤贡献率则下降了31.6%;扬尘和机动车尾气尘贡献率分别从2011年的17.7%和19.9%降至2020年的15.8%和18.2%;而2020年二次硝酸盐贡献率比2011年增长了63.3%. 过去20年天津市重大污染防治措施的有效性分析表明,能源结构调整和“双散”替代使煤炭消耗量减少,PM_2.5浓度下降与煤炭消耗量减少呈显著相关〔偏相关系数(R)=0.879,P<0.05〕;粗颗粒(PM_2.5~10)浓度下降与绿化覆盖率增加呈显著相关〔偏相关系数(R)=?0.859,P<0.05〕;大规模取缔中小燃煤锅炉及脱硫除尘等重大举措的实施,使得SO₂浓度显著下降〔秩相关系数(r_s)=?0.958 6,P<0.05〕. 研究显示,近20年来大气污染防治减排措施的实施使得天津市环境空气质量明显改善,未来要紧密结合国家“双碳”战略,进一步优化产业与能源结构,实现空气质量的持续改善.