施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对果园土壤有机碳组分的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳组分的影响,以果园土壤为研究对象,从时间、空间维度解析长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳积累、组成及其分布规律的影响,结合CPMI（碳库管理指数）和相关性分析,揭示施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤碳汇的影响机制.结果表明,施用餐厨垃圾调理剂可显著提高土壤中w（TOC）（TOC为总有机碳）,并随施用时间的增加逐渐向深层土壤迁移,改善TOC分布状况.随着施用餐厨垃圾调理剂时间的增加,0~20 cm土壤层中w（NOC）（NOC为非活性有机碳）和30~40 cm土壤层中w（AOC）（AOC为活性有机碳）呈增加趋势,AOC分配比例低于NOC分配比例.随着施用时间的增长,0~30 cm土壤层中w（POC）（POC为颗粒有机碳）显著提高,最大值为42.94 mg/g,MOC（矿质结合态有机碳）分配比例与POC分配比例呈相反变化趋势,有利于提高土壤碳稳定性.各土壤层中CPMI均大于空白对照组,最大值为154.437,表明施用餐厨垃圾调理剂有利于提升土壤肥力.相关性分析表明,w（POC）与pH呈负相关,与含水率、EC（电导率）、w（OM）（OM为有机质）呈正相关,其中与含水率相关性最高（R=0.91）.可见,长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对提高果园土壤碳汇、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义,研究结果有助于进一步提升土壤碳汇的新型土壤调理剂的研发与应用.      

盐池封育草场土壤种子库特征及其与植被的关系

封育是退化草场恢复的重要措施之一,封育的效果在一定程度上取决于土壤中种子库的状况。以毛乌素沙地西南缘宁夏盐池县的退化草场为研究对象,采用相似性分析和排序方法对封育和未封育草场土壤种子库的特征及其与地上植被间关系进行了研究,结果表明无论封育区还是未封育区,土壤种子库中的种子主要分布于0～5cm的土层,6～15cm土层的种子数很少;封育区土壤种子库的物种丰富度大于未封育区,物种多样性则表现为H值较大,而D值较小,总体上看封育措施可以提高地上植被和土壤中种子的种类和数量,一些一年生植物、中生植物和盐生植物开始出现在地面或土壤种子库中。地上植被和土壤种子库间的相似性分析结果则表明相同措施同一土层间种子库中等相似,而不同土层间还是存在着一些差异。由于封育措施导致了植被样方的相似性较低,然而土壤种子库间的相似性仍然较高,两者间是否存在着一定程度的滞后效应有待于进一步研究。     

Distillers’ grains anaerobic digestion residue biochar used for ammonium sorption and its effect on ammonium leaching from an Ultisol

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aim of this work was to explore the potential application of biochar from distillers’ grains anaerobic digestion residue pyrolyzed at...     

A Reliability and Risk Analysis System for Multipurpose Reservoir Operation

This paper proposes a reliability analysis system, which can be widely applied to the cases in which a reservoir is operated to meet several purposes such as flood control, energy generation, irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply, etc. The presented system has a structure of three levels.1. Decision-making.2. Tradeoff analysis.3. The third level that mainly consists of three subsystems:i – The reservoir flood risk analysis subsystem by flood control simulation.ii – The benefit promotion subsystem of reservoir operation using Stochastic Dynamic Programming. In this subsystem, the Lagrange multipliers are introduced into the objective function to take into account the water supply failures. This method guarantees that each run of the SDP will necessarily derive a non-inferior policy for reservoir operation.iii – The reservoir operation simulation subsystem to derive the performance indices associated with the reservoir operation policies. With the input and feedback between the second level and the subsystems of the third level, a great deal of efficient operation policies and the associated performance indices can be obtained. Then the tradeoff relationships between different performance indices can be derived for the decision makers. With application to Yudong Reservoir in Yunnan province of China, the presented analysis system is practically tested.     

植物线粒体基因转录水平表达研究方法的建立

以茎瘤芥雄性不育系为材料,在已有文献的基础上,对常规方法进行改进,使植物线粒体分离、线粒体切片观察、线粒体RNA提取、反转录方法、PCR扩增、northern杂交等方法系统化,建立了一整套比较有效的适合于植物线粒体基因转录水平表达分析的方法.图4参12     

安徽省宁国市元竹枯死原因与防治对策研究

文章探讨了安徽省宁国市中溪镇元竹大面积枯死的原因.在现场调查、污染监测和综合分析的基础上,排除了污染、病虫害致死和元竹而开花死亡的可能性,得出该区元竹枯死是由于非污染生态工程道路改建、水利水电工程和河道采砂等人为活动所导致元竹区的局部生态系统破坏,致使该区地下水位的不正常变动,从而引起大面积不规则分布的元竹干枯或浸泡死亡.文中最后根据该区生态环境状况,给出了防治元竹枯死的生态对策与建议,为防治其它地区的元竹枯死提供了参考和经验.     

微氧膜生物反应器同时去除有机物和氮的研究

采用微氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器处理生活污水,进行同时去除有机物和氮的研究。结果表明,膜出水COD不受水力停留时间变化的影响一直稳定在较低值,为15~35mg/L,去除率在94%以上。氮通过发生同时硝化反硝化反应而去除。在水力停留时间为16h以上时, 系统总氮去除率为65% ~92%,平均去除率为77%。     

天津市区夏季碳气溶胶特征及改进的二次有机碳估算方法

为更加准确地估算环境受体PM_2.5中SOC（二次有机碳）的质量浓度,于2015年6-8月利用在线监测仪器同步采集小时分辨率的PM_2.5及OC（有机碳）和EC（元素碳）样品数据,分析碳气溶胶的变化特征,并尝试运用改进的EC示踪法估算ρ（SOC）.结果表明:天津市区夏季ρ（PM_2.5）为（70.9±46.0）μg/m3,ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（7.6±3.1）（2.2±1.5）μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的11.8%±4.6%和3.1%±1.4%,OC/EC（质量浓度之比,下同）的平均值为4.0±2.0.ρ（OC）与ρ（EC）之间的Pearson相关系数（R）仅为0.66,说明OC和EC的来源较为复杂,SOC的产生可能是重要影响因素.ρ（NO₂）与OC/EC呈显著负相关（R=-0.47,P < 0.01）,并且OC/EC（4.0）相对较低,说明天津市区机动车可能对碳气溶胶具有重要影响.ρ（SO₂）与ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）的相关性较低（R均为0.33,P均小于0.01）,说明天津市区碳气溶胶可能受燃煤源的影响较低.改进的EC示踪法主要是利用O₃和CO、EC作为光化学反应和一次源排放的指标,并结合ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）和OC/EC的变化特征,逐步筛选一次排放源主导的时间段的ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）数据,然后利用最小二乘法拟合获得ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）的线性方程,最后进行ρ（SOC）和ρ（POC）（POC为一次有机碳）的估算.天津市区夏季ρ（SOC）的平均值为（2.5±2.0）μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）和ρ（PM_2.5）的28.8%±15.0%和3.7%±3.6%;ρ（POC）的平均值为（5.2±1.7）μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）和ρ（PM_2.5）的71.2%±15.0%和8.1%±5.2%,说明天津市区夏季有机碳的主要来源是一次排放源.研究显示,相比于EC示踪法,改进的EC示踪法估算的ρ（SOC）明显降低,ρ（POC）明显升高.AT（大气温度）对ρ（SOC）的影响较为显著,而WS（风速）对ρ（POC）的影响较为显著.      

Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai

To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.     

上海市电子废弃物产生量预测与回收网络建立

以上海市为例,利用无容量限制的设施选址模型(UFCLP模型)建立了上海市电子废弃物(WEEE)回收网络,同时,为获得模型求解所需数据,根据1991～2012年的销售量对上海市2010～2017年彩电、冰箱、洗衣机、空调和电脑的废弃量进行了预测.结果表明,5种电子产品的总废弃量会从2010年的269.49×104台增至2017年的635.75×104台.最后,依据区域GDP、人口密度和区域面积等多因素对电子废弃物空间分布量进行了预测,并以此为基础选取了214个回收站候选点,使用SITATION软件对UFCLP模型进行求解,最终确定10个点作为拟建回收点,可实现未来上海市约76%的电子废弃物回收.该网络的建立对长三角地区和全国大中型城市电子废弃物回收都具有良好的示范作用.