薄壁圆柱壳初始爆破强度的可靠度分析

充分考虑固体火箭发动机壳体的结构特点,建立用中径公式预测其初始爆破强度的方法,对固体火箭发动机壳体爆破强度的可靠度进行了探索。研究表明:①固体火箭发动机壳体实际初始爆破强度与中径公式的名义值之比是符合正态分布的随机变量;②借助于钢制薄壁内压容器的爆破试验数据,在置信度为99%时,得到了该随机变量的分布参数;③应用强度-载荷干涉模型,推导得到了固体火箭发动机壳体爆破强度的可靠度指标计算公式;④固体火箭发动机壳体的可靠度在一定范围内变动。     

防刺防弹复合材料的技术状况探讨

本文论述了防弹防刺复合材料的国内外发展状况、目前国内外所普遍采用的防刺防弹材料状况、防弹防刺复合材料所采用的材料状况、防弹防刺复合材料工艺状况、防弹防刺复合材料结构状况、防弹防刺复合材料的测试技术状况、防弹防刺复合材料的性能状况。     

Diel and seasonal methane flux across water–air interface of a subtropic eutrophic pond

Abstract

Methane, which is an important greenhouse gas, has received less attention regarding its flux in ponds. Small ponds, whose area only occupies approximately 8.6%, comprise the bulk of CH₄ efflux from lakes and ponds on a global scale. However, temporal and spatial variability, as well as consequences of CH4 fluxes from ponds, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine using 4 field experiments diel methane (CH₄) fluxes from a subtropic eutrophic pond in different seasons. For the eutrophic pond, the mean CH₄ efflux for all seasons was 1.772?mg/m²/h, and CH₄ emissions in summer were approximately three-fold higher than total of winter, spring, and autumn. Methane diffusive emissions were positively correlated with water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and air temperature but negatively related to pH and to the difference between water temperature and air temperature. The diel diffusive CH₄ flux among different seasons varied significantly. The CH₄ bubble flux did not differ markedly in winter, spring and autumn, but the quantity in summer was significantly different from all other seasons. Bubble is the main pathway for CH₄ emissions. The CH₄ ebullition flux accounts for 66, 71, 97 and 98% of the total in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. On an annual scale, the CH₄ ebullition flux accounts for 77% of the total fluxes (diffusive?+?ebullitive). Our results show that further investigations need to be carried out to probe temporal variability of CH₄ fluxes in ponds located in different climate zones for better understanding of the global carbon budget, which is critical to predict future climate changes.     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

基于可靠性研究的内压薄壁容器两个重要系数

应用应力-强度干涉模型,建立了确定钢制内压薄壁容器安全系数与试验压力系数的方法;根据钢制内压薄壁容器静强度在不同操作时的最小许用可靠度系数,研究了其安全系数与试验压力系数的关系。研究表明:①屈服与抗拉安全系数应分别不小于1.45与1.70;②试验压力系数在气压试验与液压试验时应分别不大于1.10与1.25。     

贵州省土壤温度状况估算

土壤温度是土壤重要的内在属性,亦是反映区域环境特征和土壤系统分类体系中的重要基础性指标。但在贵州省境内,由于缺乏数据观测体系,目前还缺乏完整的土壤温度报道和估算方法。介于此,本文收集了贵州省境内84个气象站多年的地面气候资料数据,通过拟合土壤温度与年平均气温、纬度、经度和海拔高度之间的关系,构建了相应的土壤温度估算模型,并与其他三种地区性土温测算方法进行比对,得到了相对一致的分析结果。模型估算的区域土壤温度结果显示,贵州省各地区土壤温度以"热性土壤"为主(15℃≤Y22℃),少数地区如:毕节的大方、威宁和六盘水的水城三个地方为"温性土壤"(8℃≤Y15℃)。     

Responses of microbial interactions to elevated salinity in activated sludge microbial community

● Salinity led to the elevation of NAR over 99.72%. ● Elevated salinity resulted in a small, complex, and more competitive network. ● Various AOB or denitrifiers responded differently to elevated salinity. ● Putative keystone taxa were dynamic and less abundant among various networks. Biological treatment processes are critical for sewage purification, wherein microbial interactions are tightly associated with treatment performance. Previous studies have focused on assessing how environmental factors (such as salinity) affect the diversity and composition of the microbial community but ignore the connections among microorganisms. Here, we described the microbial interactions in response to elevated salinity in an activated sludge system by performing an association network analysis. It was found that higher salinity resulted in low microbial diversity, and small, complex, more competitive overall networks, leading to poor performance of the treatment process. Subnetworks of major phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi) and functional bacteria (such as AOB, NOB and denitrifiers) differed substantially under elevated salinity process. Compared with subnetworks of Nitrosomonadaceae, Nitrosomonas (AOB) made a greater contribution to nitrification under higher salinity (especially 3%) in the activated sludge system. Denitrifiers established more proportion of cooperative relationships with other bacteria to resist 3% salinity stress. Furthermore, identified keystone species playing crucial roles in maintaining process stability were dynamics and less abundant under salinity disturbance. Knowledge gleaned from this study deepened our understanding of microbial interaction in response to elevated salinity in activated sludge systems.     

Water quality soft-sensor prediction in anaerobic process using deep neural network optimized by Tree-structured Parzen Estimator

● Hybrid deep-learning model is proposed for water quality prediction. ● Tree-structured Parzen Estimator is employed to optimize the neural network. ● Developed model performs well in accuracy and uncertainty. ● Usage of the proposed model can reduce carbon emission and energy consumption. Anaerobic process is regarded as a green and sustainable process due to low carbon emission and minimal energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, some water quality metrics are not measurable in real time, thus influencing the judgment of the operators and may increase energy consumption and carbon emission. One of the solutions is using a soft-sensor prediction technique. This article introduces a water quality soft-sensor prediction method based on Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) combined with Gaussian Progress Regression (GPR) optimized by Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE). TPE automatically optimizes the hyperparameters of BiGRU, and BiGRU is trained to obtain the point prediction with GPR for the interval prediction. Then, a case study applying this prediction method for an actual anaerobic process (2500 m³/d) is carried out. Results show that TPE effectively optimizes the hyperparameters of BiGRU. For point prediction of COD_eff and biogas yield, R² values of BiGRU, which are 0.973 and 0.939, respectively, are increased by 1.03%–7.61% and 1.28%–10.33%, compared with those of other models, and the valid prediction interval can be obtained. Besides, the proposed model is assessed as a reliable model for anaerobic process through the probability prediction and reliable evaluation. It is expected to provide high accuracy and reliable water quality prediction to offer basis for operators in WWTPs to control the reactor and minimize carbon emission and energy consumption.     

5类典型土壤对村镇生活垃圾渗滤液的吸附特征

选取我国5类典型土壤进行村镇生活垃圾渗滤液的静态吸附实验,研究它们对渗滤液中COD和NH3-N的吸附能力。研究结果表明,在室温25℃下进行静态吸附实验,5类土壤对渗滤液中COD吸附性能方面呈现湖北黄棕土 > 黑龙江黑土 > 甘肃黄棉土 > 上海水稻土 > 重庆紫土,对渗滤液中NH3-N吸附能力表现为：黑龙江黑土 > 重庆紫土 > 湖北黄棕土 > 上海水稻土 > 甘肃黄绵土。5类土壤对COD和NH3-N的吸附平衡时间均为48 h。土壤中的颗粒物表面上的吸附量与溶液中溶质的平衡浓度之间采取Freundlich方程进行拟合较Langmuir方程拟合理想,通过Langmuir方程得到对COD的最大理论吸附吸附量排序为黄棕土 > 黑土 > 水稻土 > 黄棉土 > 紫土,对NH3-N的最大理论吸附量排序为黑土>紫土>黄棕土>水稻土>黄棉土。     

用热解石墨管和锆＋酒石酸改进剂测定环境样品中锡

本文提出了一种新的混合改进剂（锆＋酒石酸）,能有效消除高氯酸、硝酸以及各种基体的干扰,比较了各原子化温度时理论和实验特征量,使解热石墨管可可能用于石墨炉原子吸收法测定各种环境样品中的锡,准确度和精度优于８％。