Distributions, sources, and ecological risks of DDT-related contaminants in water, suspended particulate matter, and sediments from Haihe Plain, Northern China

The residual levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDXs, including p,p′-DDT, DDD, and DDE) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments from major rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Haihe Plain were measured with a gas chromatograph equipped with a ⁶³Ni microelectron capture detector. In the fall of 2004, the contents of the total DDXs in the water and SPM were 0.29?±?0.69 ng L^?1 and 423.13?±?577.85 ng g^?1 dry wt., respectively. In the spring of 2005, the total DDXs were 0.36?±?0.91 ng L^?1 for water and 35.93?±?62.65 ng g^?1 dry wt. for SPM. The average concentration of DDXs for sediments was 7.10?±?7.57 ng g^?1 dry wt. during the two seasons. The Eastern-Hebei-Province Coastland River System was the most polluted, which was mainly attributable to the extensive use of DDT pesticide and dicofol in that system. Recent DDT inputs still occur in some regions, as indicated by DDT/(DDD + DDE) > 1 at 29–36 % of the sites for water and 55–61 % of the sites for SPM. The potential ecological risks of DDT in the water were assessed using a species sensitivity distribution model. Only shrimp and crabs were found to have potentially affected fraction values of 1.63?×?10^?3 to 2.27?×?10^?4, with probabilities beyond the hazardous concentration for 5 % of species (HC5) values of 1.90–2.56 %, suggesting only slight risks. DDXs in the sediments of some sites were also of potential risk to benthic organism based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines.     

环境固体样品中多种甾体激素的同步检测方法及条件优化

采用超声辅助萃取-吸附剂净化-液相色谱-串联质谱同步检测环境固体样品中22种甾体激素,比较筛选了超声辅助萃取的有机溶剂和净化萃取液的吸附剂。结果表明,使用甲醇/乙腈/乙腈对固体样品中的甾体激素分别进行3次超声辅助萃取效果最佳,在0~150 mg/mL投加量范围内,N-丙基乙二胺粉末能有效减少浓缩萃取液中有机质的干扰并获得最高回收率,石墨碳粉末的有机质去除效果最好,但同时也造成目标物的显著损失,而硅胶粉末对有机质的去除效果不明显,因此选用N-丙基乙二胺粉末为萃取液的净化吸附剂,推荐使用量为150~400 mg/mL,在此优化条件下,22种甾体激素的标准曲线线性良好,方法检出限为0.025~0.696 μg/kg,加标回收率达到63.5%以上,且操作简便、耗时短,适用于各种复杂环境固体样品的检测分析。     

洋山深水港水域鱼卵仔鱼分布特征

根据2001年5、8月和2003～2005年间5月和8月分别对洋山港航道水域20个定点测站进行的鱼卵仔鱼调查资料,着重就水域鱼卵仔鱼的数量时空分布和种类组成的年际变化特征与洋山港工程建设产生的环境影响的关系作了分析和探讨.结果表明:鱼卵仔鱼隶属6目19科25种,另有2种未定种.种类数以2005年最高,2004年与2003年持平.2003年和2005年鱼卵仔鱼的种类数比工程前期的2001年有所减少,2004年则与之持平.鱼卵仔鱼的数量年际变化较大,2003年和2005年鱼卵数量均低于2001年,2004年则要高于2001年;仔鱼数量上,2003～2005年均明显低于2001年.从区域分布看,航道区鱼卵仔鱼数量密度最高,其次为港口区,大桥区的数量密度最低.港口航道的开挖建设,其疏浚后海底地形的改变会导致水动力条件的变化而产生泥沙回淤,加上抛泥作业产生的悬浮物对鱼类特别是游泳能力较弱的仔、稚幼鱼会造成不同程度的危害.由于施工造成局部地区的流场和生态有较大改变,使得某些不适应环境变化的亲鱼群体逃离或生殖能力下降,代之以适应能力较强的种群,最终导致优势种群结构的改变较明显.随着工程建设进度的开展,影响程度逐渐趋缓.     

HgCl2对网箱养殖海域营养盐在沉积物——水界面上交换速率的影响

在滴加HgCl2的状况下,应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海域各营养盐(NO2-N、NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P、SiO3-Si)在沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量;并根据改进的连续函数法计算了各营养盐在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率.结果表明,在滴加HgCl2后,上述营养盐在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率均明显下降,其减小幅度分别达到31.91%、52.27%、44.06%、48.05%和43.10%.加入HgCl2后,沉积物中微生物的分解作用和小型底栖生物的扰动作用受到抑制,有机物质向无机营养盐的转化能力和营养盐由沉积物向水体中的扩散能力减弱,各营养盐在沉积物-水界面上交换速率随之减小.     

Roleofscienceandtechnologyinenvironmentally sound urbanization in China

１　ＢｒｉｅｆｉｎｇｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ１．１　ＴｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｏｆｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｔｏＣｈｉｎａ○ｓｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｄｒｉｖｅＴｈｅｆｉｒｓｔａｎｄｆｏｒｅｍｏｓｔｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｏｆｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｈｉｎａｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｏｆｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｐｅｏｐｌｅａｓｗｅ…     

我国北方荒漠化地区主要灌木种的物候学研究

采用中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站１９８７～１９９７年物候连续观测资料,研究了我国主要荒漠灌木种在该地区的物候学特征,并分析了与温度、降水、光照、风速等环境因子的相关性,结果表明,均温与光照是这些灌木主要物候期的主导因子。通过聚类分析确立了３个萌动期物候类型、３个展叶期物候类型和４个开花期物候类型。研究结果对荒漠化地区人工植被建设和生物多样性迁地保护具有重要的意义.     

The role of science and technology in environmentally sound urbanization in China

In the process of accelerating industrialization,urbanization is inevitable and important to China's modernization drive. While people are cherishing the advantages of living in cities, the increasing negative impact of urbanization has to be put on the top of priority list. As urbanization proceeds, the existing pollution problem aggravates with not only increasing quantity of pollutants, but diversity as well. Science and technology have been contributing to urbanization process in both positive and negative ways. Nonetheless, the role of science an technology in promoting sustainable urbanization is increasingly important. China has been conducting environmental research and development since the early 1970's, and now is capable of supplying most technologies needed for urban environmental protection. To keep pace with the rapid urbanization process in China,environmental research and technology development should bestrengthened. This is mostly dependent on domestic resources withintroduction of advanced yet cost-effective technologies from therest of the world. With a survey of current urban environmental R & D in China and on-going activities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), recommendations on future UCL(University College London)-CAS collaboration in the domain of urban environment aremade.     

企业应急预案编制与实施

以某企业为例,阐述了企业应急预案编制与实施工作中存在的问题和解决的措施.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

德日静脉产业发展经验及对中国的借鉴

随着人类发展理念的革新,“资源-产品-再生资源”的经济发展模式已在全世界取得普遍认同,实践循环经济已成为国际社会的重要发展趋势。文章详细分析总结了德日在发展静脉产业方面的经验,结合中国现阶段的国情,提出中国发展静脉产业主要依赖与法律体系的健全、政策体系的完善、多层面多渠道的宣传教育的开展、政府绿色采购的大力推行和社会回收组织的催生,并特别强调了宣传教育的重要性,以期对中国静脉产业的良性发展提供借鉴。