砷形态转化及其环境效应研究

砷在水环境中的形态转化受到许多物理化学因素的制约,并产生毒害程度不同的环境效应。对多种因素进行研究,寻找将高毒的As(Ⅲ)向低毒的As(Ⅴ)转化的有利条件,并控制As(Ⅴ)向As(Ⅲ)的转化。结果表明,自然敞口放置3d的As(Ⅲ)溶液中没有As(Ⅴ)的出现,As(Ⅲ)向As(Ⅴ)的转化是一个缓慢的过程。锰矿、粉煤灰等天然矿物能氧化As(Ⅲ),从而降低毒性。酸性或碱性条件都有利于As(Ⅲ)向As(Ⅴ)的转化,转化率超过90%。温度、可见光、超声波等外界条件对砷形态转化有一定影响。紫外光照射3d后的As(Ⅲ)完全转化成As(Ⅴ),且As(Ⅴ)没有向As(Ⅲ)转化,因此紫外光是降低砷毒性的有利条件。Fe2+能将As(Ⅴ)还原,升高水体砷的毒性;而Fe3+能将As(Ⅲ)氧化,并生成氢氧化物将砷吸附。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验条件研究

研究了用MBR处理生活污水时,不同曝气时间、不同污泥浓度对生活污水中CODCr去除效果的影响,同时对比了膜出水和上清液的实验数据。实验结果表明,曝气7 h以后系统对CODCr的去除趋于稳定,污泥质量浓度在7-8 mg/L之间时,CODCr可以达到排放标准。操作简单,出水水质稳定,有很强的推广意义。     

东北过伐林区不同林分类型土壤肥力质量评价研究

保持和提高森林土壤肥力质量是实现森林健康的基础。研究不同林型下土壤肥力质量对森林可持续经营具有重要意义。以东北过伐林区金仓林场中的落叶松Lartx gmelinii人工纯林、云杉Picea asperatax紫椴Tilia amurensis天然混交林、紫椴×白桦Betula platyphylla天然混交林、五角槭Acer monox白桦×落叶松天然混交林、五角槭×白桦×紫椴天然混交林、白桦×落叶松天然混交林和五角械×紫椴×青杨Populus pseudo-simonii天然混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理和化学性质,并采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的方法评价了其土壤肥力质量。结果表明：①林分类型对土壤理化性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、物理性粘粒含量和养分质量分数减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;②土壤因子之间关系密切,物理性粘粒含量与含水量、全氮、速效钾质量分数呈极显著正相关,而与土壤密度和pH值呈显著负相关;土壤养分质量分数之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;③采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0～60cm的土壤肥力质量进行了评价,土壤肥力质量表现为天然混交林高于落叶松人工纯林;采伐降低了土壤的肥力质量;在落叶松人工纯林中,随着林龄的增加,土壤的肥力质量下降。通过对土壤肥力质量综合指标值的聚类分析,将研究区土壤肥力质量分为优、良、中、差4个等级,肥力质量属于中等以上（优、良、中等）的林地所占研究样地的比例为66．7％,研究区森林土壤肥力质量属于中等水平。建议在经营过伐林时,注意调整林分结构和树种组成,控制采伐强度,同时进行长期定位观测和比较,以改善林分整体的肥力状况。本研究结果为该地区林业可持续经营提供直接依据,也为东北地区森林土壤肥力质量评价提供参考。     

油码头溢油风险防控措施研究

油码头生产过程中的溢油事故隐患主要集中在码头(泊位)、油品罐区、输运船舶及输油管道4个单元,文章通过查找和研究相关法律、法规、标准及规范等关于油码头溢油风险防控的要求,对不同类型的溢油事故提出了有针对性的风险防控措施,明确了油码头在溢油风险监督管理工作中应关注的重点,从而为油码头企业开展溢油风险防控措施自查提供参考。     

Long-term effects of liquid swine manure land surface application in an apple orchard field on soil bacterial community and heavy metal contents in apple (Malus pumila Mill.)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigated the impact of liquid swine manure (LSM) land surface application in an apple orchard on soil health and copper (Cu) and zinc...     

Accumulation and spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, and Pb in mulberry from municipal solid waste compost following application of EDTA and (NH4)2SO4

Municipal solid waste compost can be used to cropland as soil amendment to supply nutrients and improve soil physical properties. But long-term application of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost may result in accumulation of toxic metals in amended soil. Phytoremediation, especially phytoextraction, is a novel, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach that uses metal-accumulating plants to concentrate and remove metals from contaminated soils. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was applied to metal-contaminated soil to increase the mobility and phytoavailability of metals in soil, thereby increasing the amount of toxic metals accumulated in the upper parts of phytoextracting plants. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the accumulation and spatial distribution of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) in mulberry from MSW compost with the application of EDTA and (NH₄)₂SO₄, (2) to examine the effectiveness of EDTA and (NH₄)₂SO₄ applied together on toxic metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) removal by mulberry under field conditions, and (3) to evaluate the potential of mulberry for phytoextraction of toxic metals from MSW compost. The tested plant—mulberry had been grown in MSW compost field for 4 years. EDTA solution at five rates (0, 50, 100, 50 mmol L^?1?+?1 g?L^?1 (NH₄)₂SO₄, and 100 mmol L^?1?+?1 g?L^?1 (NH₄)₂SO₄) was added into mulberry root medium in September 2009. Twenty days later, the plants were harvested and separated into six parts according to plant height. Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in plant samples and MSW compost were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the same treatment, Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations in mulberry shoot were all higher than those in root, and Cd and Pb concentrations in shoot increased from lower to upper parts, reaching the highest in leaves. Significant increases were found in toxic metal concentration in different parts of mulberry with increasing EDTA concentration, especially when combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄. Mulberry exhibited high ability to accumulate Cd with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) higher than 1. EDTA application also significantly increased Cd BCFs. More than 30 % of metal uptake was concentrated in mulberry branches (stem of above 100 cm height) and leaves. Results presented here show that mulberry is a woody plant that has the potential of Cd phytoextraction from MSW compost by removing leaves and cutting branches. The application of EDTA combined with (NH₄)₂SO₄ significantly enhanced the efficiency of mulberry in removing Cd from the compost medium. Adding (NH₄)₂SO₄ into the compost will lower the risk of the exposure of environment to excessive non-biodegradable EDTA in a large-scale EDTA-assisted phytoextraction by reducing the dosage of EDTA. In China, the need for sod is increasing day by day. Sod is often produced on arable soil and sold together with soils. This would lead to the soil being infertile and the soil layer thin. After several times’ production, the soil can no longer be used for cultivating crops and be destroyed. In order to fully utilize MSW compost resources and save valuable soil resources, MSW compost can be used to replace arable soil to produce sod after extraction of toxic metals in it.     

高浓度苯酚降解菌Candida tropicalis Z-04的鉴定及其对苯酚降解条件的优化

从降解苯酚的好氧颗粒污泥中筛选出一株苯酚降解菌,该菌株最高可耐受2.0 g/L的苯酚.依据形态特征和内源转录间隔区(ITS)的核酸序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为热带假丝酵母菌(Candida tropicalis),并命名为Candida tropicalis Z-04.采用中心复合设计(CCD)法对Candida trop...     

Biomass ash pyrolyzed from municipal sludge and its adsorption performance toward tetracycline: effect of pyrolysis temperature and KOH activation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Large amount of municipal sludge is difficult to handle; its resource utilization is an effective measure. In this study, the municipal sludge from...     

零价铁-克雷伯氏菌联合体系对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色性能

以零价铁(ZVI)和一株高效脱色菌克雷伯氏菌yl-1作为联合体系,研究其对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色性能,并采用单因素实验及中心组合设计-响应面分析法(CCD-RSM法)对该过程的脱色条件进行优化。实验结果表明:相比于单独ZVI体系和单独yl-1脱色菌体系,ZVI-脱色菌联合体系的脱色率分别提高了40%和10%;在初始pH为8、初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为250 mg/L、ZVI投加量为4.0 g/L、反应温度为33℃的最优条件下,ZVI-脱色菌联合体系对亚甲基蓝脱色反应液的脱色率为91.33%。     

人工湿地微生物硝化和反硝化强度对比研究

通过对表面流和潜流人工湿地中不同填料层的微生物硝化和反硝化强度进行对比研究,探讨了人工湿地脱氮过程中硝化反硝化作用的变化,从微生物角度分析了人工湿地脱氮效果的差别.研究结果表明,人工湿地系统可以同时进行硝化和反硝化作用.表面流湿地硝化强度高于潜流湿地,2个系统中的硝化强度具有较明显的分层现象,上层硝化强度高于下层.2个系统中沿程硝化强度呈递减趋势,硝化强度反映氨氮去除率的大小,表面流湿地氨氮的去除率高于芦苇潜流湿地30%～40%.反硝化强度比较结果表明,潜流湿地上层土壤填料的反硝化强度最高,砾石填料反硝化强度最低,表面流湿地反硝化强度居中,2个系统反硝化强度上下分层不明显,沿程基本保持不变.