Effects of vermiculite on the growth process of submerged macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis and sediment microecological environment

Ecological restoration is one of the hot technologies for the reconstruction of eutrophic lake ecosystems in which the restoration and propagation of submerged plants is the key and difficult step. In this paper, the effect of vermiculite on the growth process of Vallisneria spiralis and sediment microenvironment were investigated, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the application of vermiculite in aquatic ecological restoration. Results of growth indexes demonstrated that 5% and 10% vermiculite treatment groups statistically promote the growth of Vallisneria spiralis compared to the control. Meanwhile, the results of ecophysiological indexes showed that photosynthetic pigment, soluble sugar content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity of 5% and 10% group were increased compared with the control while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited the opposite result (p < 0.05), which illustrated that vermiculite can improve the resistance of plants and delay the aging process of Vallisneria spiralis. In addition, result of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) demonstrated 5% and 10% group has improved the sediment physical conditions and create more ecological niche for microorganisms directly, and then promoted the growth of plants. The dissolution results showed that vermiculite can dissolve the constant and trace elements needed for plant growth. Furthermore, the addition of vermiculite increased the diversity of microorganisms in the sediments, and promoted the increase of plant growth-promoting bacteria and phosphorus-degrading bacteria. This study could provide a technique reference for the further application of vermiculite in the field of ecological restoration.     

Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO₂ heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O₃, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.     

紫色土N2O排放及氨氧化微生物群落结构对玉米秸秆与化肥减量配施的响应

以紫色土为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,通过田间原位试验,设置了对照(CK)、常规施肥(F)、秸秆与全量化肥配施(100FS)、秸秆分别与化肥减量30%(70FS)、40%(60FS)、50%(50FS)处理,观测了玉米秸秆与化肥配施下的菜地土壤N2O排放动态变化特征,并利用克隆技术和实时荧光定量PCR技术,结合土壤理化性质和氨氧化微生物amoA功能基因丰度,分析了秸秆与化肥配施对土壤N2O排放及相关微生物的影响,以期为调控和减缓紫色土N2O排放提供理论依据.结果表明,玉米秸秆与化肥配施处理较F处理提高了土壤N2O排放量和试验期内的累积排放量,其中100FS处理的N2O排放量最高[57.59~6 238.02μg·(m2·h)-1],累积排放量高达60.76 kg·hm-2.与F处理相比,秸秆与化肥配施处理降低了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,提高了土壤有机质含量,但对土壤总氮和pH值没有显著的影响.本试验条件下,土壤AOB amoA基因拷贝数比AOA高出1~2个数量级,其中F处理的AOA amoA基因拷贝数(50.9×103copies·g~(-1))明显高于其他处理,但AOB amoA基因拷贝数最低(1.36×105copies·g~(-1)).100FS处理降低了AOA和AOB amoA基因多样性指数和均匀度,同时也显著降低了AOA amoA基因拷贝数,但秸秆与化肥减量配施可以提高AOA和AOB amoA基因多样性,同时显著增加了AOB amoA基因拷贝数.土壤AOA优势菌群OTU1可能是硝化作用的主要驱动者,直接和间接地影响N2O排放.通过冗余(RDA)分析,土壤铵态氮、有机质和有效磷含量对AOA群落结构存在显著影响(P0.05,蒙特卡罗算法);土壤可溶性有机氮、总氮、速效钾以及有效磷含量显著影响AOB群落结构(P0.05,蒙特卡罗算法),其中AOB对不同环境因子的耐受性和生态位低于AOA.总体上,玉米秸秆配施60%~70%的化肥,在保证蔬菜产量的前提下,有效提高了AOA和AOB amoA基因多样性,在一定程度上减缓了土壤N2O排放.     

以淀粉为模板多孔纳米氧化铈的制备及其催化性能研究

为获得多孔纳米CeO₂（氧化铈）,以淀粉为生物模板,以Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O为铈源,在温和条件下制备出海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂,同时考察了焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量对样品形貌的影响.利用XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、N₂吸附-脱附等表征手段对合成的多孔纳米CeO₂进行物相组成、微观形貌及孔径大小分布的分析.通过湿式催化过氧化试验,探究其对腈纶废水中有机物COD_Cr的催化降解性能.结果表明:①所制备的多孔纳米CeO₂具有多孔结构,孔径分布范围为2~4 nm,孔容为0.225 cm3/g,BET比表面积为256.426 m2/g;②多孔纳米CeO₂的最佳制备条件为1 g淀粉溶解于20 mL水中,加入0.02 mol Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O,以5%的氨水调节前驱体混合液pH,以1℃/min升至400℃,焙烧4 h,得到海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂.③以不同形貌的CeO₂作为湿式催化反应中的催化剂,催化降解腈纶废水中有机物,其中以制备的多孔纳米CeO₂催化性能最佳,COD_Cr去除率可达82.5%.研究显示,焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量均可影响样品的形貌,在湿式催化过氧化处理腈纶废水试验中,多孔纳米CeO₂能显著提高废水COD_Cr的去除率.      

Template-free synthesis of inorganic hollow spheres at water/“water-brother”interfaces as Fenton-like reagents for water treatment

This paper reports a template-free method to synthesize a series of inorganic hollow spheres (IHSs) including Cu-1, Cu-2, Ni-1, Ni-2 based on mineralization reactions at water/“water-brother” interfaces. “Water-brother” was defined as a solvent which is miscible with water, such as ethanol and acetone. The water/“water-brother” interfaces are very different from water/oil interfaces. The “water-brother” solvent will usually form a homogenous phase with water. Interestingly, in our method, these interfaces can be formed, observed and utilized to synthesize hollow spheres. Utilizing the unique porous properties of the spheres, their potential application in water treatment was demonstrated by using Cu-1 IHSs as Fenton-like reagents for adsorption and decomposition of Congo Red from aqueous solution. The final adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 30 min with the maximum adsorption capacity of 86.1 mg/g, and 97.3% removal of the dye in 80 min after adsorption equilibrium. The IHSs can be reused as least 5 times after treatment by NaOH. This method is facile and suitable for large-scale production, and shows great potential for watertreatment.     

我国稀土资源开发利用的环境成本及空间差异特征

稀土开发利用环境成本核算对于我国稀土定价机制改革具有重要参考价值.利用污染普查中的典型企业、稀土年鉴等多种数据源,基于环境治理成本法,核算了2013年我国三大稀土矿区冶炼污染物产生量及环境治理成本（注:涉及"全国"的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区）,并分析了其空间分布特征.结果表明:① 我国稀土冶炼污染物空间分布特征为北方包头混合型稀土矿以大气污染为主,南方离子型稀土矿以水污染为主,尤其是氨氮污染严重. ② 2013年,我国稀土冶炼环境成本总计为28729×104元,其中废水、废气和固体废物的环境成本分别为49.8%、19.0%和31.2%.我国稀土冶炼环境成本92.9%集中在北方轻稀土矿区,7.1%在南方离子型稀土矿区. ③ 我国稀土冶炼环境代价高,尤其是北方轻稀土矿.包头混合型矿单位稀土氧化物冶炼的环境成本为4135元/t,占氧化铈和氧化镧市场价格的38.8%和41.4%左右,南方离子型稀土矿单位稀土氧化物冶炼的环境成本为2824元/t,占氧化钇市场价格10.9%.      

2013年南昌市区PM2.5的浓度水平及时空分布特征与来源

对2013年南昌市区9个自动空气质量监测点的ρ（PM_2.5）数据进行分析,探讨了PM_2.5浓度水平及时空分布特征,并采用轨迹聚类、PSCF（潜在源贡献因子）、CWT（浓度权重轨迹分析）进行了大气PM_2.5的来源分析.结果显示:2013年南昌市区ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为69.1μg/m3,超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值（35μg/m3）的97%;ρ（PM_2.5）昼夜变化呈双峰型分布,峰值位于09:00-11:00和20:00-22:00;月际变化呈两边高、中间低的"V"型趋势;ρ（PM_2.5）有明显的季节性变化特征,由高到低依次为冬季、春季、秋季和夏季;ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布呈由东南至西北递减的分布特征.气流轨迹聚类结果表明,南昌市气流输送季节性变化特征明显,夏季来自南方或东南方向的气流比例高达65.6%,而在另外三个季节,东北和偏北方向的气流分别占62.0%（冬）、59.6%（春）、54.7%（秋）,对南昌市ρ（PM_2.5）影响较大;夏季南方或东南方向的气流所占比例较高,为65.6%;PM_2.5的PSCF和CWT的高值主要集中在南昌本地和邻近的浙江省及福建省北部地区,但周边的河南南部、江苏中部也是南昌市PM_2.5的潜在来源地.      

低渗透性裂隙介质中地下水定深分层取样的技术方法研究

获取特定深度的地下水样品进行测试是研究裂隙岩体水文地质特征的重要方法之一。花岗岩体渗透性较低且裂隙发育,具有强烈的非均质性和各向异性,岩体内不同深度地下水出水量差异较大,在这种低渗透性裂隙岩体中定深获取原位地下水样较为困难。提出一种适用于低渗透性裂隙介质的地下水定深分层取样技术方法,该方法设计了一套连续性双栓塞地下水定深分层取样设备,并对取样方法、取样步骤以及注意事项进行了详细阐述,在内蒙古某项目中运用该取样技术方法成功获取了花岗岩体中深层原位地下水样,为低渗透性裂隙岩体水文地质研究提供了基础资料。     

河流渠化问题分析与对策研究

河流渠化是现代人类出于防洪排涝、污染治理和绿化美化等一己之目的对河流的改造活动.从生态系统的观点出发,对河流的纵向、横向、垂向与时序变化四个维度进行分析,提炼出中国北方健康中小河流的生态特征,分析了河流渠化造成的生态、经济和社会灾难,认识到生态灾难的根源在于人类中心主义的谬误.在此基础上,从生态修复的角度入手,提出遵循河流自身规律的河流渠化解决之道,在河流与人类和谐共处的前提下,改善其生态完整性和可持续性,建议开展广泛的接近自然的河流治理新模式.     

Screening of factors influencing Cu(II) extraction by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design

This study aimed to identify the significant factors that give large effects on the efficiency of Cu(II) extraction from aqueous solutions by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design. Six factors (mixing time (t), di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid concentration ([D2EHPA]), organic to aqueous phase ratio (O:A), sodium sulfate concentration ([Na(2)SO(4)]), equilibrium pH (pH(eq)) and tributylphosphate concentration ([TBP])) affecting the percentage extraction (%E) of Cu(II) were investigated. A 2(6-1) fractional factorial design was applied and the results were analyzed statistically. The results show that only [D2EHPA], pH(eq) and their second-order interaction ([D2EHPA] × pH(eq)) influenced the %E significantly. Regression models for %E were developed and the adequacy of the reduced model was examined. The results of this study indicate that fractional factorial design is a useful tool for screening a large number of variables and reducing the number of experiments.