聚合铁的形态特征和凝聚-絮凝机理

以部分中和法从0.3MFeCl_3溶液制作不同OH/Fe值的聚合铁,进行各种物理化学特征鉴定,推断其水解-聚合产物形态,并进行混凝效能实验.OH/Fe在0—0.4阶段,含有低聚物.对本实验体系有甚高混凝效能.OH/Fe>0.4后.生成高聚物而电荷降低,混凝效能略有下降.OH/Fe>1.5后.生成物趋向于溶胶和沉淀物,混凝效能明显降低.讨论了聚合铁在不同OH/Fe值的凝聚-絮凝作用机理.     

电子垃圾拆解区土壤上空心菜的毒理响应

电子垃圾拆解区对当地环境造成严重污染,电子垃圾拆解区重金属在土壤农作物体系中有一定迁移性,并可通过食物链进入人体,对人体健康造成威胁。深入探究作物的积累重金属的机理,可为调控食物链的重金属传递,减少重金属对人体健康的威胁提供一定的理论和实践依据。以广东省梅州市贵屿岛某电子垃圾拆解区为中心,沿半径方向2、20、40、50 m采集土壤,同时以未受电子垃圾拆解区的土壤作为参照,在室内采用盆栽实验方法研究空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica）对电子垃圾污染的土壤中重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的毒理响应。结果表明：受电子垃圾污染土壤中栽种的空心菜,五种重金属的含量在空心菜体内的分布为根＞茎＞叶,根部的富集系数最高,同时空心菜根部对Cu,Zn的生物积累作用最强烈,在水稻土上空心菜对重金属的富集最为明显;空心菜的生长高度受重金属的污染不明显,重金属对空心菜的主要影响表现在叶面形态上;受到污染胁迫后,空心菜中叶绿素的含量明显降低,距电子垃圾2、20、40、50 m的土壤和水稻土壤上种植的空心菜的叶绿素量平均是对照汕头土壤的44.0%、74.2%、75.4%、88.7%、74.1%;空心菜对于土壤中重金属的污染有较好的自身调节能力,其体内的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶表现的相似,土壤受重金属的污染越严重,空心菜的CAT和POD的含量相应也较高。     

张士灌区多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复

以我国典型污灌区-沈阳张士污灌区某农田土壤为研究对象,进行了土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物种类与含量的调查研究,分析了PAHs的主要来源.同时,以13种牧草/草坪草为供试植物,开展PAHs污染土壤高效修复植物的筛选工作,修复周期约为80d.研究结果表明,张士灌区农田土壤受到严重污染,从土壤中分析检测到USEPA 16种PAHs中的13种,含量达2 294 μh·kg-1(干重),远高于荷兰农业土壤的PAHs标准.盆栽试验结果表明,不同植物对土壤中PAHs的去除效果不同,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L)、巴林(Poa pratenstis L.)、高羊茅(Festuca data.Kengex E.Alexeev)和白三叶草(Trrifolium repens L.)等植物对土壤中PAHs去除效果较好,适合用于张士灌区农田土壤的修复与治理.     

生物样品中甲磺基多氯联苯的测定及手性拆分

建立了一种生物样品中甲磺基多氯联苯(MeSO2-PCBs)及其手性对映体的分析测定方法.本方法利用索氏抽提对鱼肉组织进行提取,抽提液依次经凝胶渗透色谱柱、氧化铝硅胶复合柱和弗罗里硅土柱进行净化和分离,气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析.10个流程空白中,所有目标化合物都低于仪器检出限;17种MeSO2-PCBs在5个空白加标中的平均回收率在77.2%—98.2%之间;样品平行样中目标化合物含量相对标准偏差均小于15%;方法检测限为0.3—20.0 pg.g-1湿重.采用Cyclosil-B手性柱拆分5种MeSO2-PCBs手性对映体,分离度在0.671—2.543之间.     

欧盟针对农药对水生生物的初级风险评价——标准物种不确定因子法

建立适宜的农药环境风险评价体系,有利于评价农药对环境的影响,控制农药带来的环境污染.欧盟具有丰富的农药风险评价经验和完善的评价体系,论文针对欧盟的初级风险评价工作中水生生物风险评价的标准物种不确定因子法进行了综述,阐述了其评价原则与方法,总结了预测环境浓度(predicted environmental concent...     

太湖表层沉积物中多磷酸盐检出的环境意义

在氮限制型富营养化湖泊中,沉积多磷酸盐(Poly-P)可以用来示踪营养盐磷的输入和湖泊的富营养化过程。太湖是一个典型的磷限制型富营养化湖泊,通过对太湖表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氢氧化钠可提取磷(NaOH-P)以及Poly-P的提取分析,初步探讨了太湖营养盐磷输入的历史记录,并揭示了该湖Poly-P的主要来源和保存机制。太湖Poly-P的质量浓度较低,变化范围为0.004~0.065mg·g-1。NaOH-P占TP组成的22%,是太湖沉积物总磷的主要组成部分之一。结果显示,在湖泊水体藻类生物量较大和NaOH-P是沉积物TP重要组成部分的磷限制型湖泊中,Poly-P也是沉积物磷汇组成的一个重要部分,同时还是一个可以反映由人为磷输入增大导致湖泊富营养化程度加剧的敏感指标。     

Quantitative analysis of microplastics in coastal tidal-flat reclamation in Dongtai,China

• Reclamation projects are important disturbances on microplastic risk in coasts. • Tidal-flat reclamation area is a large storage medium for sedimentary microplastics. • Aging and distribution features of soil microplastics show spatial heterogeneity. • Coastal weathered engineering geotextiles are a significant threat to marine health. Coastal tidal flats have received considerable attention in recent years, as they provide a direct channel for the discharge of terrestrial microplastics into the ocean. Land reclamation is occurring increasingly frequently in coastal tidal-flats; however, the environmental impacts of these activities remain unclear. Therefore, this pioneering study assessed the microplastic emission characteristics of reclamation geotextiles and performed a risk assessment accordingly. Morphological characterization of geotextile samples collected from five sites in Dongtai, China, provided evidence of sedimentary weathering. Based on several assumptions, the average abundance of microplastics in soil covered by geotextiles was estimated to reach 349±137 particles/kg dry weight, with the total microplastic load in the reclaimed area estimated to be 20.67±8.06 t. Compared with previous studies, this research demonstrates that coastal reclamation areas store a high concentration of microplastics, aggravating marine microplastic pollution. Moreover, conditional fragmentation model results revealed that the weathering and distribution characteristics of soil microplastics in coastal tidal-flat areas exhibit spatial heterogeneity, being more easily affected by natural factors (such as tides) than those in inland areas. As a result of tides, the annual discharge of geotextile-originating microplastics from the studied areas into the ocean was approximately 2465.52±960.77 t. These findings prove that the risks posed by engineering-microplastics are significant, indicating that further investigations are required on the precise laws of transfer and migration, as well as the toxicity mechanisms, in order to improve analytical techniques and policies in this field.     

Sampling and analysis of ambient dioxins in northern Taiwan

In this study, ambient air samples were taken concurrently in the vicinity area of a large-scale municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and the background area for measuring polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations from November 1999 through July 2000 in northern Taiwan. The results obtained from eighteen ambient air samples indicate that the mean PCDD/F concentration of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners in wintertime (188–348 fg-I-TEQ/m³) is significantly higher than that measured in summertime (56–166 fg-I-TEQ/m³). In addition, the seasonal PCDD/F concentrations are compared with the ambient air quality data including CO, NO₂, PM₁₀ and TSP sampled from Taipei area to gain better insights. It indicates that the variation of ambient air PCDD/F concentrations is closely correlated with that of PM₁₀ concentrations. Besides, the results indicate that the I-TEQ concentration of ambient air in sampling site B (directly downwind of the MWI) is of the highest while the sampling site A (upwind of MWI) is of the lowest among all sampling sites. This implies that existing MWI can be a significant emitter of PCDD/Fs in this area. Furthermore, the patterns of the PCDD/F congener distribution at all sampling sites (including the background site in Taoyuan) are quite similar. OCDD concentration is of the highest among seventeen PCDD/F congeners investigated and accounts for about 35% of the total concentration. As for the I-TEQ concentrations, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF is the most significant contributor, generally being responsible for 30–45% of the total I-TEQ values depending on the sampling sites and seasons.     

Biodegradation of nonylphenol in soil

We investigated the effects of various factors (brij 30, brij 35, yeast extract, hydrogen peroxide and compost) on the aerobic degradation of nonylphenol (NP) in soil and characterized the structure of the microbial community in that soil. Residues of NP were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a change of microbial communities was demonstrated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that Taichung sandy clay loam had higher NP degradation rate than Kaoshiung silty clay. The addition of compost, yeast extract (0.5 mg/l), brij 30 (55 microM), or brij 35 (91 microM) enhanced NP degradation, while the addition of hydrogen peroxide (1.0 mg/l) inhibited its degradation. We also found that the addition of various substrates changed the microbial community in the soils. Cytophaga sp. and Ochrobactrum sp. were constantly dominant bacteria under various conditions in the soil.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous DMF using thin film TiO2 photocatalyst

The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) widely used in the manufacture of synthetic leather and synthetic textile was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a plug flow annular photoreactor coated with Degussa P-25 TiO2. The oxidation rate was dependent on DMF concentration, reaction temperature, water vapor, and oxygen content. Photocatalytic deactivation was observed in these reactions. The Levenspiel deactivation kinetic model was used to describe the decay of catalyst activity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize the surface and the deactivation mechanism of the photocatalyst. Results revealed that carbonylic acids, aldehydes, amines, carbonate and nitrate were adsorbed on the TiO2 surface during the photocatalytic reaction. The ions, NH4+ and NO3-, causing the deactivation of catalysts were detected on the TiO2 surface. Several treatment processes were applied to find a suitable procedure for the regeneration of catalytic activity. Among these procedures, the best one was found to be the H2O2/UV process.