江苏数字地震台网地震监测能力估算

采用理论计算和实测相结合的方法估计了江苏数字地震台网的地震监测能力。虽然用两种方法得到的监测区略有差异 ,但几何形状相近 ,其公共区域部分更趋合理地反映了目前江苏数字地震台网的监测范围。比较了速度型和位移型地震记录的差异 ,并讨论了其监测范围差异的原因     

A Pilot Study on Using Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Biomarker for Exposure to PAHs in Beijing

To study whether the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) could be the biomarker of atmospheric PAHs, a small-scale pilot study was carried out on the relation of 1-OHP vs PAHs with the traffic policemen in Beijing of smokers and nonsmokers to be subgroups in both the exposure and control groups. Both the PAHs and 1-OHP were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ambient concentrations of PAHs were different at the different sites (the average sum of PAHs (TPAH) were 12.36, 16.27, 18.37 ng/m³ at the suburban residential, police station and high traffic area, respectively.), but considerably lower than the personal-exposure concentrations (the average TPAH were 65.84 and 47.28 ng/m³ for patrol cars and inspection station, respectively). Pyrene was correlated well with BaP and the summed PAHs (TPAH), with the correlation coefficients (R) of 0.79, 0.87 for ambient level and 0.92, 0.96 for personal exposure, respectively. The average of 1-hydroxypyrene of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.39, 0.15 μmol/mol creatinine in control group and 0.57, 0.33 μmol/mol creatinine in exposure group, respectively. The better correlation of pyrene to BaP and TPAH especially for personal exposure samples indicated that the probability of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, the metabolite of pyrene, to be the biomarker of total PAH. Nonsmokers in the exposure and control groups had indistinguishable levels of 1-OHP, presumably because the ambient levels of pyrene were so similar (the average were 3.25, 3.20 ng/m³ at the police station and high traffic area, respectively.). Smokers in the control group had significantly higher 1-OHP than that of the nonsmokers, but showed indistinguishable differences in the exposure group. These results suggested that urinary 1-OHP could be a biomarker of PAHs only when the level of PAHs was at a relatively higher level. Smoking as an important influencing factor need to be controlled carefully.     

水生态系中有机磷农药生物净化机理的研究

本报告研究了利用氧化塘处理废水中对硫磷农药的生物净化机理。分离出Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01、CTP-02两个菌株,对对硫磷和对硝基酚具有很高的降解能力,其降解速度分别为11.0g/l/day和6.0g/I/day。观察了对硫磷及分解产物对栅藻光合作用的影响和模拟藻菌系统中对硝基酚的降解。研究了Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01的对硫磷的酶解,对硫磷水解酶降解对硫磷的最高速度可达1×10~4n mol/mg prot./min.Cu离子对酶有明显的激活作用。Pseudomonas sp.CTP-02在降解对硝基酚时首先发生硝基脱落,然后进一步被降解。     

用生态文明的观点浅析盘锦市的发展

盘锦市的发展应以生态发展为基点,正确对待已存在的环境问题,明确发展方向,加强对国家级保护区和天然湿地的保护,要以环境优化经济增长。     

广西土壤和沉积物砷含量及污染分布特征

广西素有“有色金属之乡”美誉,土壤重金属污染问题较为突出。通过总结1989年以来相关文献,探讨了广西土壤和沉积物中砷含量及污染分布特征。3 045个和477个土壤和沉积物有效样点的统计分析表明,广西砷污染土壤主要分布于桂西北地区,尤其是刁江及金城江流域;矿业活动显著影响土壤砷积累,从其均值看：工矿区非农用土壤（140.5 mg/kg）>工矿区农用土壤（80.68 mg/kg）>非工矿区农用土壤（19.11 mg/kg）>城区土壤（18.35 mg/kg）,重度砷污染农用地样本均来自南丹;工矿区河流沉积物砷含量（283.5 mg/kg）远高于非工矿区,主要受影响区分布在刁江及大环江流域。为了控制环境风险,建议开展主要水系沉积物砷污染详查,加强南丹及周边区域污染防控和污染土壤修复。     

云南临沧盆地地下水环境脆弱性评价

地下水脆弱性研究是合理开发利用和保护地下水资源的有效技术措施。本文根据临沧盆地水文地质条件,应用美国环保署(USEPA)的地下水脆弱性DRASTIC评价方法,考虑地下水位埋深、含水层净补给量、含水层介质、土壤包气带、地形地貌、包气带介质和水力传导系数等7个评价因子,结合GIS技术,对该区的地下水脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明,临沧盆地地下水脆弱性高区为主城区和主要农田分布区,要严格控制工业废水、生活污水的排放量和农药、化肥的施用量,防止地下水受到污染,确保地下水资源的可持续开发利用。     

基于重点行业/领域的我国碳排放达峰路径研究

开展碳排放达峰路径研究,明确时间表、路线图、施工图,是支撑我国实现2030年前碳达峰目标的基础性研究工作. 本文采取自上而下和自下而上相结合的方式,以满足社会经济高质量稳定发展需求和国家碳达峰碳中和双重目标为约束开展自上而下的宏观路径研究;以合计贡献了我国碳排放(不含港澳台地区数据) 90%以上的电力、钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼、石化化工、煤化工共6个重点行业以及建筑、交通2个重点领域为对象,开展自下而上的重点行业/领域碳达峰路径研究;通过上下路径反复迭代、行业间耦合优化,打通宏观路径与微观措施的联动和双向反馈,最终形成基于重点行业/领域的我国碳达峰路径. 结果表明:为实现国家碳达峰、碳中和的目标愿景,需抓紧部署、大力推进包括清洁能源降碳、能效提升降碳、资源循环降碳、管理调控降碳等4类关键举措,方可实现我国碳排放量在2030年前达峰的目标,峰值较2020年增加5.0×108~7.0×108 t左右,达峰后将保持3~4年的峰值平台期. 受需求与技术驱动,不同领域碳排放总量将梯次实现达峰,其中工业领域（含钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼、石化化工、煤化工共5个重点行业）预计将在“十四五”期间整体达峰,达峰后碳排放稳定下降;电力行业和交通、建筑领域碳排放均在2030年左右实现达峰. 经测算,2021—2030年间,为推动碳达峰采取的4类关键措施预计需投入2.08×1013元;其中清洁能源降碳是最为有效的措施,同时也是成本最高的措施. 为保障关键举措顺利落地,建议全面加大政策创新,逐步形成系统完善的碳总量控制与交易市场机制、绿色低碳标准体系、行业准入及产业结构政策体系、价格财税及投融资机制等. 本研究分行业及领域的碳达峰路径研究成果及所识别的关键控碳减碳技术手段、措施和政策将为国家碳达峰路径设计提供技术支撑.      

Towards a better hydraulic cleaning strategy for ultrafiltration membrane fouling by humic acid: Effect of backwash water composition

As a routine measurement to alleviate membrane fouling, hydraulic cleaning is of great significance for the steady operation of ultrafiltration (UF) systems in water treatment processes. In this work, a comparative study was performed to investigate the effects of the composition of backwash water on the hydraulic cleaning performance of UF membranes fouled by humic acid (HA). Various types of backwash water, including UF permeate, Milli-Q water, NaCl solution, CaCl₂ solution and HA solution, were compared in terms of hydraulically irreversible fouling index, total surface tension and residual HA. The results indicated that Milli-Q water backwash was superior to UF permeate backwash in cleaning HA-fouled membranes, and the backwash water containing Na⁺ or HA outperformed Milli-Q water in alleviating HA fouling. On the contrary, the presence of Ca^2 + in backwash water significantly decreased the backwash efficiency. Moreover, Ca^2 + played an important role in foulant removal, and the residual HA content closely related to the residual Ca^2 + content. Mechanism analysis suggested that the backwash process may involve fouling layer swelling, ion exchange, electric double layer release and competitive complexation. Ion exchange and competitive complexation played significant roles in the efficient hydraulic cleaning associated with Na⁺ and HA, respectively.     

基于熵权物元模型的城市化地区河流健康评价分析——以湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流为例

城市化下河流健康评价问题是当前人们关注的热点问题.本文针对城市化地区河流健康不断恶化的问题,选取了与其密切相关的生态水文过程的5个要素9个指标构建了河流健康评价指标体系,并运用熵权物元模型对湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流健康状况进行了定量评价和动态分析.通过对1991、2001、2006年太湖流域湖州市区河流健康综合关联度的计算分析,得出了研究区河流健康状况朝着病态方向发展的趋势.同时发现河网发育系数变化率、绿地覆盖率和农林业产值增长率等限制因子对河流健康的影响不容忽视.而通过与多指标综合评价方法进行比较,表明熵权物元模型能有效克服权重判定的主观性以及河流健康概念的模糊性和各评价指标之间的不相容性问题,可为平原河网地区的河流健康提供一种新的评价方法.     

碳酸盐岩地区矿山酸性排水的产生及其防治初探

尾矿中的硫化物在空气、水、微生物等的作用下,发生一系列的物理化学反应,形成矿山酸性排水(AMD)。在碳酸盐岩地区,由于尾矿和围岩中都含有大量对酸具有中和效应的碳酸盐矿物,于是人们一直认为碳酸盐岩地区的尾矿不存在酸污染。而如广西大厂、广东凡口及大宝山、贵州牛角塘等碳酸盐岩地区矿山的尾矿却存在着严重的酸污染,其主要原因是碳酸盐矿物在中和酸水过程中,表面会形成阻止反应进一步进行的次生包壳,碳酸盐矿物的实际中和量达不到其理论值。矿山酸性排水携带大量的重金属离子,对碳酸盐岩地区的生态环境及矿山工程设施带来严重的危害。针对碳酸盐岩地区尾矿自身的特殊性,对新建尾矿堆采用覆盖法,而对已经产酸的尾矿用渗透反应栅法,是防治这类尾矿酸化的有效方法。