火电机组送风机RB造成的主蒸汽超压分析

针对国电大武口热电有限公司 1 号机组送风机辅机故障快速减负荷(Run Back,RB) 动作后造成的主蒸汽压力超标现象,通过对 RB 控制策略进行分析,采用逻辑修改、比例积分微分(Proportion Integration Derivative,PID)和参数优化的方法,使 RB 发生后主蒸汽压力能稳定在合适的范围内。结果表明:快速减煤和加强汽机主控的调节作用,解决了 RB 工况中主蒸汽超压缺陷,提高机组效率及运行安全可靠性。     

Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review

Hollow nanomaterials have attracted significant attention because of their high chemical and thermal stability, high specific surface area, high porosity, low density, and good biocompatibility. These state-of-the-art nanomaterials have been shown to efficiently adsorb heavy metals, and volatile hazardous substances, photodegrade persistent organic pollutants, and other compounds, and inactivate bacteria. Such properties have enabled the use of these materials for environmental remediation, such as in water/wastewater treatment, soil remediation, air purification, and substance monitoring, etc. Hollow nanomaterials showed higher photocatalytic activity than those without hollow structure owing to their high active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, and improved accessibility. And, the Doping method could improve the photocatalytic performance of hollow nanomaterials further under visible light. Moreover, the synthetic mechanisms and methods of these materials are important because their size and morphology help to determine their precise properties. This article reviews the environmental applications and potential risks of these materials, in addition to their syntheses. Finally, an outlook into the development of these materials is provided.     

京津冀燃煤工业和生活锅炉的技术分布与大气污染物排放特征

燃煤工业和生活锅炉(下称燃煤锅炉)是京津冀地区大气污染控制的重点,分析其污染物排放特征对燃煤锅炉的污染控制具有重要意义. 对京津冀地区燃煤锅炉的容量、锅炉种类、除尘方式、实际除尘效率等技术分布信息进行了统计,在此基础上建立了基于技术分布信息的2012年京津冀地区燃煤锅炉大气污染物排放清单,并分析了技术特征对燃煤锅炉大气污染物排放的影响. 结果表明:京津冀地区燃煤锅炉以10 t/h及以下的小容量锅炉为主,主要炉型为层燃炉,除尘方式以湿式除尘及多管旋风除尘为主;2012年京津冀地区燃煤锅炉的SO₂、NO_x、颗粒物、PM₁₀和PM_2.5排放量分别为90.81×104、30.88×104 、31.46×104、14.64×104和8.07×104 t,排放主要集中于10 t/h及以下和35 t/h以上的锅炉;天津、石家庄、保定、唐山是锅炉污染物排放量最大的城市;供热、食品、化工、造纸是燃煤锅炉排放最集中的行业. 京津冀地区不同城市锅炉的容量及行业分布差异明显,各城市对燃煤锅炉应因地制宜采取天然气替代、集中供热等措施,以控制燃煤锅炉的污染物排放.      

湿式旋流脱硫除尘一体化装置在燃煤锅炉烟气净化上的应用

某中药厂4 t/h燃煤锅炉烟气采用湿式旋流脱硫除尘一体化装置取得了良好的效果,经实际运行测定除尘率达95%,脱硫率达77%,排出的烟气均能达到排放标准.该净化装置具有旋风水膜除尘器和湿式旋流板洗涤器的双重功能,通过介绍该一体化装置的机理、设计参数和技术经济分析,为燃煤锅炉烟气的脱硫除尘提供参考.     

Evaluation on exposures to particulate matter at a junior secondary school: a comprehensive study on health risks and effective inflammatory responses in Northwestern China

Air pollutant measurement and respiratory inflammatory tests were conducted at a junior secondary school in Xi’an, Northwestern China. Hazardous substances including particulate matters (PMs), black carbon (BC) and particle-bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified both indoors and outdoors of the school. Source characterization with organic tracers and particle-size distribution demonstrated that the school’s air was mostly polluted by combustion emissions from the surrounding environment. The evaluation of health assessment related to air quality was conducted by two methods, including potential risk estimation of air pollutants and direct respiratory inflammatory test. The incremental lifetime cancer risks associated with PAHs were estimated and were 1.62 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.34 × 10⁻⁶, respectively, for indoor and outdoor fine PMs. Both the values exceeded the threshold value of 1 × 10⁻⁶, demonstrating that the carcinogenic PAHs are a health threat to the students. Respiratory inflammatory responses of 50 students who studied in the sample classroom were examined with a fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) test, with the aid of health questionnaires. The average FeNO concentration was 17.4 ± 8.5 ppb, which was slightly lower than the recommended level of 20 ppb established by the American Thoracic Society for children. However, a wide distribution and 6% of the values were > 35 ppb, suggesting that the potentials were still high for eosinophilic inflammation and responsiveness to corticosteroids. A preliminary interpretation of the relationship between air toxins and respiratory inflammatory response demonstrated the high exposure cancer risks and inflammatory responses of the students to PMs in the city.

     

溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹的毒性作用和组织病理研究

为探讨溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的毒性影响,采用换水式渔药毒性试验的方法进行了溴氰菊酯对河蟹急性毒性实验和慢性毒性作用下组织病理的研究。结果表明：溴氰菊酯对河蟹24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为2.127 μg·L-1、1.380 μg·L-1、1.153 μg·L-1和0.905 μg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为0.0905 μg·L-1,溴氰菊酯对河蟹的毒性为剧毒;河蟹在溴氰菊酯浓度为0.005~0.32 μg·L-1的慢性毒性作用下,分别于第7、14和21天进行鳃、肝胰腺、心脏、肠、肌肉组织和神经团的组织病理观察,鳃出现鳃小叶水肿、渗出物增加、萎缩到鳃腔闭合出现细胞坏死,肝胰腺的部分肝胰腺管中肝胰腺细胞空泡变性、坏死和肝胰腺管基膜崩解,心脏出现水肿,部分心肌纤维横纹模糊和消失到局部心肌纤维坏死,肠黏膜层柱状上皮细胞从空泡变性、部分坏死到较多上皮细胞坏死崩解脱落入肠腔,肌肉组织和神经团无组织病理变化现象。最早出现不可逆的坏死组织病理变化是在第14天的0.005 μg·L-1浓度组,肝胰腺细胞坏死,此时即使去除溴氰菊酯的毒性作用,坏死已不能恢复。通过与河蟹水瘪子病组织病理的比较分析,溴氰菊酯毒性作用下的河蟹具有独特的组织病理变化特点。     

水体硬度对铅水质基准值的影响及校正方法探究

水体硬度对铅的水生生物毒性具有显著影响,但我国当前关于铅水质基准的研究中还缺乏针对硬度影响的关注.本文选用"集合斜率"和"标准斜率"2种典型的硬度校正法对搜集筛选后的毒性数据做校正处理,通过物种敏感度分布法推导铅的淡水水质基准.结果表明,在水体硬度为100 mg·L-1(以CaCO3计)水平下,2种校正法所得铅的短期水质基准分别为90.7μg·L-1和89.8μg·L-1,长期基准分别为2.7μg·L-1和3.9μg·L-1;在急性毒性数据充足条件下,2种校正法所得基准值极为相近;而在慢性数据量较少情况下,2种方法所获得的长期基准值在较高硬度水平下表现出明显差异,对比之下,"标准斜率"法为更优选择;与未校正硬度的结果比较发现,水体硬度参数会对铅的水质基准值产生显著影响.该结论对我国其他同类水溶态金属(如镍、镉和铬(Ⅲ)等)的水质基准研究具有一定借鉴意义.     

纳米颗粒对淡水藻类生长的影响:毒性机制与复合毒性

近年来,纳米颗粒在生活、工业生产中的应用日益广泛,而这些纳米颗粒的应用引起的一系列环境问题越来越被密切关注.纳米材料在使用过后不可避免地会释放到水环境中,不仅会影响水生生物的生长代谢,也会污染水体,影响水源水质.而藻类作为水生食物链的初级生产者,对于纳米颗粒在水环境中的积累和迁移起着至关重要的作用.本文首先总结了不同种类的纳米颗粒对水环境中不同藻类生长代谢的影响和相关的毒性机制,包括破坏细胞完整性、氧化应激胁迫、破坏光合系统、基因水平异常和有毒物质的释放等.其次,系统总结了纳米颗粒表面特性(如粒径、晶型、表面电荷、亲疏水性、光敏性、表面涂覆、老化和纳米颗粒的均相与非均相等)、水环境影响因素(如自然有机物质、环境胶体、离子强度、pH、硬度、光照和温度等)和藻类胞外聚合物对纳米材料毒性的影响.最后,还综述了水环境中关键污染物和纳米颗粒对藻类的复合毒性.对于纳米颗粒对水环境中藻类生长的毒性作用、影响机制以及复合毒性的系统总结,有利于全面了解纳米颗粒的环境行为和生物毒性.     

亚甲基蓝光敏氧化处理造纸废水研究

以造纸废水为例,工业上对高浓度有机废水多采用H2O2及相关组合强化氧化法处理,成本高;尝试利用亚甲基蓝光敏氧化法处理高浓度造纸黄液,探讨其相关条件及处理潜力。实验发现,光解过程复合(太阳)光比利用紫外光效果好;在光敏剂的加入量仅为9．0mg/L,溶解氧含量高于2．0．mg／L,光照水力停留4h时,造纸废水的CODcr的去除率可达到26．8％,达到了H2O2质量浓度为1250．mg／L的Fenton试剂的处理效果。     

Setting up the criteria and credit-awarding scheme for building interior material selection to achieve better indoor air quality

Methods, standards, and regulations that are aimed to reduce indoor air pollution from building materials are critically reviewed. These are classified as content control and emission control. Methods and standards can be found in both of these two classes. In the regulation domain, only content control is enforced in some countries and some regions, and asbestos is the only building material that is banned for building use. The controlled pollutants include heavy metals, radon, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Emission rate control based upon environment chamber testing is very much in the nature of voluntary product labeling and ranking, and this mainly targets formaldehyde and VOC emissions. It is suggested that radon emission from building materials should be subject to similar emission rate control. A comprehensive set criteria and credit-awarding scheme that encourages the use of low-emission building material is synthesized, and how this scheme can be practiced in building design is proposed and discussed.