包头市试验区土壤、粉煤灰、水库淤泥、污水沉淀物物性特征研究

本研究主要试验地区是内蒙古包头市,选择典型退化土壤(80%为栗钙土)作为试验区,通过系统分析测定退化土壤、"三种废弃物"的各项理化特性,进一步对"三种废弃物"改良退化土壤的效果及改良机理作探索性跟踪研究,进一步丰富了"三种废弃物"影响土壤生态特性的理论研究成果,并为退化土壤修复提供实践经验。     

生物质转化能源技术的发展现状及趋势探讨

能源短缺问题已成为制约经济社会发展的瓶颈,研究开发新的能源代替传统不可再生能源成为急需要解决的焦点问题。生物质能是由植物的光合作用固定于地球上的太阳能,通过生物质能转换技术可以高效地利用生物质能源,生产各种清洁燃料,替代煤炭、石油和天然气等燃料。对近些年生物质能源技术的发展现状进行了简要讨论,指出了生物质能的利用具有广阔的发展前景,在不久的将来,生物质能源必将成为能源结构中重要一部分,实现能源结构良好可持续发展。     

生物法在炼化污水深度处理中的应用

目前,国内炼化企业大多采用“隔油-浮选-生化”的“老三套”工艺处理污水,二级出水中仍含有较多的COD、氨氮、有毒物质、悬浮物质等,直接排放会给水体自净过程增加负担,造成水体富营养化等问题;若回用于工艺,则会造成堵塞系统,腐蚀设备等问题。因此国家制定了GB8978—1996污水综合排放标准。为满足新的排放标准,结合国内外发展现状,介绍了几种常用的生物深度处理技术,作为选择相关污水达标排放及回用处理方法的参考。     

三峡库区地质灾害防治的经济效益探析——以湖北省秭归县为例

在回顾和评述防灾减灾经济效益评价方面的理论研究基础上,以秭归县为例分析了三峡库区地质灾害防治的经济效益,认为国家对三峡库区投入的地质灾害治理资金发挥巨大的经济效益,保障了库区人民的生命财产安全,并指出了目前灾害防治经济效益评价中的不足。     

太湖流域断头河道微循环水质效应与生物响应

针对太湖流域断头河道微循环过程中水质效应和生物响应不清楚的问题,笔者通过水槽模拟实验,分析了氮磷和有机物等水质指标随水体微循环时间、频率的变化关系;通过常州武进洛阳镇徐家头浜实际河道微循环实验,探讨了微循环运行过程中实际河道水质的稳定性,微循环过程中实际河道的生物响应,及浊度、溶解氧、pH等环境因素的影响。结果表明：水槽模拟实验条件下微循环对水体氨氮去除的影响最为明显（去除率达62.91%）,COD去除率变化幅度受微循环频率的影响最大（可达50%）;微循环设置后实际河道COD浓度下降趋势明显（降幅约30%）;微循环过程中河道水体浮游动物和浮游植物数量均呈上升趋势,而河道边坡和底泥中Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria等优势微生物菌群的丰度却有不同程度的变化。同时,浊度对总磷和COD的影响程度相当,溶解氧和pH对水体氨氮浓度的影响均最显著。该研究为改善断头河道水质提供新方向,为微循环技术的实际应用提供数据参考。     

硫酸粘菌素对土壤反硝化细菌nirS、nosZ基因多样性的影响

建立室内的土壤硫酸粘菌素暴露胁迫模型,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术分析不同浓度硫酸粘菌素残留对土壤反硝化细菌的影响。结果表明,每个处理组nirS、nosZ基因的分类操作单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTU)总数均比对照组低,且nirS基因呈现剂量依赖效应;各组优势细菌nirS基因主要集中在10个片段中,nosZ基因主要集中在18个片段中,nirS基因较nosZ基因丰度变化大;多样性指数分析表明,nirS基因Shannon指数在7 d时,高浓度组较对照组差异显著(P0.05); Simpson指数在各浓度处理组较对照组差异均显著(P0.05); Pielou指数在7 d、49 d时,高浓度处理组与对照组差异显著(P0.05); nosZ基因Shannon指数在35 d时,中浓度组与对照组差异显著(P0.05); 49 d时,低浓度组与对照组差异显著(P0.05); Simpson指数在21 d、35 d时,低浓度组与对照组差异显著(P0.05); Pielou指数在各处理组之间差异均不显著(P0.05)。当药物含量≥5 mg·kg~(-1)时,反硝化细菌的均匀度、群落多样性降低,优势度升高,群落结构特征均发生改变,其中对nirS基因影响显著。nirS基因更适合作为硫酸粘菌素污染的指示基因。     

Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy in Beijing北大核心CSCD

Urban green space, particularly the tree canopy, plays an important role in potential mitigation against atmospheric particulate pollution and protecting human health. In this study, current and future air particulate matter [including total suspended particulate (TSP), particulate matter 10 (PM10), and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)] removal by the urban tree canopy of Beijing was estimated. A modeling approach was used based on the distributed measurement evaluation and a modified version. The urban tree canopy of Beijing, including mostly Platycladus sp., Pinus sp., Quercus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, and economic forests, currently removes about 8.33 million kg/a air particulates, in which TSP accounted for 4.51 million kg/a, PM10 accounted for 2.74 million kg/a, and PM2.5 accounted for 1.08 million kg/a. The study on the removal of air particulates by different aged tree canopies showed that in coniferous trees, the ability to capture air particulates changed in the order of mature and over-mature > near-mature forest > young forest; in broadleaf forest, the ability changed in the order of near-mature forest > mature and over-mature > young forest. For total particulate matter, the biggest contribution was coarse particulates (60.74%); the contribution rate of fine particulates was different owing to different tree species groups. The results suggested that the ability of different trees to capture particles and age of forests varied widely and that suitable trees should be chosen to enhance pollution mitigation for city greening. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Insight into the promotion mechanism of activated carbon on the monolithic honeycomb red mud catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx

• Activated carbon was proposed to be an efficient accelerant for molded red mud catalyst. • The surface acidity and reducibility were highly improved, as well as the pore structure. • The enrichment of the surface Fe²⁺ and the adsorbed oxygen account for the improvement. Our previous study proved that the acid-pretreatment process could efficiently activate red mud (RM) for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x. However, in terms of the molding process, which is the key step determining whether it can be applied in large-scale industrial, the surface acidity and reducibility of catalyst always decreased dramatically, and part of surface area and pore structure were lost. In this study, we prepared monolithic honeycomb red mud (MHRM) catalysts with activated carbon (AC) as an accelerant and investigated the effect of AC on the MHRM. The results showed that the MHRM with 3 wt.% of AC (MHRM-AC3) exhibited the best SCR performance, and kept more than 80% NO_x conversion in the range of 325°C–400°C. Compared with the MHRM, MHRM-AC1, and HMRM-AC5, the MHRM-AC3 has more mesoporous and macroporous structures, which can provide more adsorption active sites. The AC significantly improved NH₃ adsorption and surface reducibility, which was mainly due to the increase of the surface acid sites (especially the Brönsted acid sites), the concentration of Fe(II), and the surface adsorbed oxygen. The presence of more Fe(II) enriched the surface oxygen vacancies, as well as the surface adsorbed oxygen, due to the charge imbalance and unsaturated chemical bond. And surface adsorbed oxygen exhibited more active than lattice oxygen owing to its higher mobility, which was conducive to NO_x reduction in the SCR reaction.     

反渗透处理糖厂二效汽凝水回用锅炉的研究

糖厂以二效汽凝水取代原水回用锅炉是"节能减排"的重要措施,但含糖量过高的二效汽凝水回用锅炉后,将影响锅炉高效、安全使用。故此采用一级反渗透装置对二效汽凝水进行除糖净化处理。实验结果表明:反渗透系统的脱盐率能够稳定在87.82%左右,出水水质完全达到中压锅炉补充给水水质标准。建议拥有中压锅炉的糖厂采用糖厂锅炉补充给水除糖净化新工艺。     

生活垃圾堆填区周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征

土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染日益受到关注,PAHs是垃圾渗滤液中的主要有害成分之一.以苏北某市城郊结合部露天垃圾堆放场为对象,采用高效液相色谱法分析周边农田土壤中16种PAHs的含量特征及分布规律.结果表明,垃圾场周边农田土壤PAHs含量总体表现为随距垃圾堆体的距离增大而降低的趋势.土壤中PAHs总量(平均值为1 208.5μg·kg-1)明显高于未污染土壤(509.25μg·kg-1),其中显著提高了土壤中难降解、难挥发的4环芳烃的含量,按照欧洲农业土壤PAHs含量与分布标准,达到中等或中等以上PAHs污染水平,说明垃圾堆填场周边农田土壤存在PAHs的污染风险.