银纳米线复合静电纺丝膜终端饮用水处理装置电化学消毒效能研究

终端饮用水电化学消毒装置是分散式饮用水安全的重要保障,其关键技术是过滤膜.本研究采用静电纺丝法和真空过滤沉积法制备了新型银纳米线-聚丙烯腈/热塑性聚氨酯(AgNWs-PAN/TPU)复合膜,并对复合膜的形貌、机械强度和导电性等进行了表征.同时,构建了电化学消毒装置,通过对模拟水样的过滤和电化学消毒实验,考察了复合膜长期运行的杀菌性能、膜通量、膜形貌及总银离子释放变化,评估了复合膜的消毒效果.结果表明,电纺纳米纤维膜基材具有均匀的直径和增强的机械性能.银纳米线嵌入到PAN/TPU电纺纳米纤维膜的表面构建了一个连接的导电网络,具有很好的机械性能、导电性、电化学性能及银负载稳定性.经过10 d的自来水过滤实验,AgNWs-PAN/TPU复合膜膜通量下降了4.8%,保持了99.99%的灭菌效率;经过10 d的10~5CFU·mL~(-1)大肠杆菌水样运行实验,膜通量下降了35.31%,经5 min反冲洗能够恢复98%的膜通量,可保留99%以上的细菌灭活效率.AgNWs-PAN/TPU复合膜的银负载稳定性好,总银离子释放量在30μg·L~(-1)以下的安全范围;纳米纤维膜表面在长期水力冲刷下变得粗糙,机械强度略有减弱.本研究为高导电性缓释银离子纳米银复合纤维膜杀菌材料的研发及其在终端饮用水消毒的应用提供了科学依据.     

Environmental flows and its evaluation of restoration effect based on LEDESS model in Yellow River Delta wetlands

Due to freshwater supplement scarcity and heavy human activities, the fresh water wetland ecosystem in Yellow River Delta is facing disintegrated deterioration, and it is seriously affecting the health of the Yellow River ecosystem. This paper identifies the restoration objectives of wetland aiming to protect ecological and economic values and development as well as the water resources of the Yellow River. The hydraulic and groundwater coupling model and Landscape Ecological Decision and Evaluation Support System (LEDESS) of the Yellow River Delta were established to calculate environmental flows of degraded wetlands. LEDESS is a computer-based model developed and used to assess and evaluate the effects of land-use changes on nature. In this study, LEDESS is used to assess and evaluate the ecological effects and the restoration possibilities considering several environmental flows’ supplement scenarios. This included the changes of suitable habitat conditions and its ecological carrying capacities for indicator species, e.g., Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana), and Saunder’s gull (Larus relictus), and changing of ecological patterns. The results showed that replenishing fresh water to wetlands is one of the effective adaptive measures to mitigate wetland degradation and improve its habitat quality and carrying capacities. This study indicated that landscape ecology approach is not only considered as a good way to solve complex problems in ecosystem management but also can be used to decide on the environmental flows and assess its ecological effects in large-scale wetland rehabilitation. This integrated method could make environmental flows estimated and assessment more rational than the results of hydrologic methods. It could assist decision makers to “see” the ecological effects after water supplementing and so alleviate the contradictions between environmental flows and production water demands, and can facilitate the implementation of environmental flows in most countries with water resources shortage.     

合理回收和再利用涤纶POY废油剂

洛阳石油化工总厂长丝车间POY废油剂原来是各条生产线分别收集，然后由污水处理场处理。设计合理的POY废油剂回收方案，将回收的POY油剂经多级过滤，再利用于生产，可以节约油剂消耗量，同时大大减少了环保处理费用。     

环境因子对湖泊沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响

以富营养化湖泊的沉积物湿样为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了pH、温度和氧气对沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响．结果表明,实验过程维持pH值动态恒定,当起始pH值为1或12时,沉积物磷化氢消失很快;起始pH值为10时,吸附态磷化氢的净积累量较大;起始pH值4～12的条件下,向沉积物一水体系中加碱可使吸附态磷化氢的积累量增加．温度对吸附态磷化氢的生成和释放均有影响,20℃时沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净积累量最大．氧气对吸附态磷化氢的影响不显．沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净含量是其生成和释放相互平衡后的结果．     

试析砷在水环境中的迁移及污染治理方法

本文针对湖南省岳阳县发生的饮用水源受砷化合物污染事件,阐述了砷的环境化学特性,分析了砷进入水环境中导致环境污染的环境化学过程和砷污染治理方法,为环境影响后评价及环境风险应急提供思考。     

哈尔滨市水土流失现状调查与分析研究

随着《土壤污染防治行动计划》的出台,开展土壤侵蚀调查以及构建土壤环境治理体系的任务,摆在了面前.黑龙江省于2010年-2012年开展第一次水利普查水土保持专项普查,以该次普查成果为基础,结合实地调研,对哈尔滨市水土流失现状展开调查.结果表明:哈尔滨市土壤侵蚀类型以水蚀为主,水蚀面积为13 157.51 km2,占全市总面积24.78%,占全省土壤侵蚀总面积16.06%,超全省平均水平8个百分点;冻融侵蚀面积为1.5 km2,仅占全省冻融侵蚀面积的0.01%.针对水土流失现状,分析了水土流失成因,并提出了相应防治措施.     

Effects of environmental factors on sulfamethoxazole photodegradation under simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics and mechanism

To advance the knowledge of the environmental fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), we systematically investigated the effects of natural water constituents and synthetic substances (i.e., TiO₂ nanoparticles (nTiO₂) and Ti-doped β-Bi₂O₃ (NTB)) on the photodegradation kinetics of SMX under xenon lamp irradiation. The photolysis of SMX in aqueous solution followed first-order kinetics. Our results showed that higher concentrations of SMX, fulvic acid, suspended sediments, NTB and higher pH value decreased the photodegradation rates of SMX, whereas H₂O₂ improved the SMX photodegradation. TiO₂ nanoparticles had a dual effect on photodegradation due to their photocatalytic activity and photoabsorption of photons. No intermediates more toxic toward Vibrio fischeri than SMX were produced after direct photolysis and photocatalytic degradation for 3 hr. The photolysis of SMX involved three pathways: hydroxylation, cleavage of the sulfonamide bond, and fragmentation of the isoxazole ring. This study lays the groundwork for a better understanding of the environmental fate of SMX.     

N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法测定水中亚硝酸盐氮的测量不确定度评定

不确定度是定量表征测量结果质量的一个重要参数。测量不确定度评定现已成为检测和校准实验室不可缺少的工作内容。水中亚硝酸盐氨含量是表征水污染程度的重要指标,因此,对于水中亚硝酸盐氨的测量不确定度评定工作就显得尤为重要。通过评定N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法测定水中亚硝酸盐氮的不确定度,找出了主要影响因素。     

污水处理中的污泥源头减量技术研究及应用进展

污水处理厂中大多采用活性污泥法处理污废水,此法通常会产生大量剩余污泥,而污泥的处理处置费用较高,并且处置不当易对环境造成污染,因此若从源头控制减少污泥的产生则是更为理想的污泥减量方法.本文介绍了几种污泥源头减量工艺技术,如微生物强化技术、微生物固定化技术、解偶联技术(投加解偶联剂、好氧-沉淀-厌氧工艺)、强化隐性生长(物理、化学及生物法溶胞)及微型动物摄取污泥和捕食技术等,并阐述了各技术应用情况,为污泥处理技术人员提供参考方案.在水处理工程中需结合实际情况考虑选用合适的技术.     

太原市污灌区土壤镉存在形态与生物可利用性研究

为了了解太原市污灌土壤镉污染现状,研究其存在形态特征与生物可利用性,本文采用Tessier A连续提取、石墨炉原子吸收等方法,测定了太原市污灌区土壤重金属镉的总量,研究了不同功能区、不同分层、不同化学形态的分布特征,并对生物可利用性进行了评价.结果表明,与太原市土壤背景值相比,污灌区土壤中重金属镉含量已达太原市土壤背景值的3倍,镉在土壤表层含量明显高于其它分层,均表明表层土壤有明显的镉累积.不同功能区土壤镉的含量大小不同,具体排序为:小店区晋源区清徐县.总体来看,研究区5种化学形态含量从大到小排序为:铁锰氧化物结合态有机物结合态碳酸盐结合态残余态可交换态.高的铁锰氧化物结合态与灌溉区土壤偏碱性且铁锰含量较高直接相关.分层土壤形态分析结果表明,镉在表层土壤含量最高,随深度增加镉含量逐渐降低,该变化与分层土壤pH值的变化相反.与上一层相比,各分层土壤不同形态分布变化,统计学检验无明显差异.生物可利用性评价结果表明,太原市污灌区土壤中镉相对比较稳定,但由于其潜在利用态的含量很高,因此,镉对环境的影响不能忽视.研究表明,太原市污灌区镉含量虽然没有超出土壤质量二级标准,但有积累趋势,形态分布特征表示的潜在生物可利用性应引起高度重视.