杭州城市土壤重金属的化学形态及环境效应

通过对杭州城市土壤重金属异常中Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu采用改进的连续浸提实验进行形态分析结果表明,表层土壤中Hg以残渣态和强有机态为主,Cd以铁锰氧化态、弱有机结合态、残渣态和离子交换态为主,Pb、Zn、Cu以残渣态、弱有机结合态和铁锰氧化态为主.相比之下,Cd与Cu的活性组分分别为最高和次高,部分蔬菜样品中重金属含量超标,对该地区农产品的安全已构成威胁.研究发现,上述重金属除与地质背景、土壤理化性质有关外,与人类经济活动关系尤为密切.     

印楝素及印楝杀虫剂的安全性评价研究进展

目前开发的新农药必须具有安全性高、残留低、与环境相容的无公害的农药,从一些植物材料中分离出杀虫活性物质来防治害虫具有较长的历史和优势,从印楝中可以分离出多种对害虫具有活性的化合物如印楝素及等可以有效地控制多种害虫。自印楝素被分离鉴定以来,其广谱而独特的生物活性受到人们的广泛关注,印楝素具有良好的杀虫、拒食、驱虫、昆虫生长调节作用等多种生物活性,在农药、日化等领域都有广泛的应用;由印楝素制备的印楝杀虫制剂对害虫的广谱作用、无残留,可减缓害虫的抗药性,是用于蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物的理想农药,已成为一种近乎完美的植物源杀虫剂。针对日益严重的农药残留及热点关注的环境安全性等问题,系统总结了印楝素及印楝杀虫剂对人、动物等的毒性及环境安全性评价,将有利于全面评价印楝杀虫剂的安全性及有效地指导印楝杀虫剂开发、生产及推广应用。     

电子废物拆解地区人群头发中持久性卤代有机污染物(PHCs)的污染特征

本研究以头发作为指示人群持久性卤代有机污染物(PHCs)暴露的生物材料,分析了电子废物拆解工人、电子废物拆解区普通居民、农村对照区居民和城市对照区居民头发中的PHCs浓度水平及组成特征.结果发现:电子废物拆解工人和拆解区普通居民头发中的PHCs含量显著高于两组对照地区人群(p< 0.05),表明电子废物拆解活动造成了当地人群对PHCs较高的暴露剂量.在电子废物拆解区的普通居民中,人群头发中的PHCs含量具有随年龄的增加而上升的趋势,老年人组(> 60岁)头发中的PHCs含量最高.在电子废物污染地区和农村对照区人群中,PCBs是最主要的PHCs污染物(39%~52%),表明这两个地区的人群均受到电子废物拆解活动的影响;城市人群头发中则以PBDEs和DBDPE为主(共占69%),反映了珠三角地区人群主要受工业或生活活动PHCs排放的影响.同时,主成分分析显示,不同人群头发中PHCs的组成模式也与污染物在环境中的迁移有关.     

A high activity of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode in the electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution

Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution was investigated over Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode. The factors influencing the degradation rate, such as applied current density (2-40 mA/cm²), pH (3-11) and initial concentration (5-200 mg/L) were evaluated. The degradation of 2,4-DCP followed apparent pseudo first-order kinetics. The degradation ratio on Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode attained > 99.9% after 20 min of electrolysis at initial 5-200 mg/L concentrations at a constant current density of 30 mA/cm² with a 10 mmol/L sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) supporting electrolyte solution. The results showed that 2,4-DCP (100 mg/L) degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal ratio achieved 99.9% and 92.8%, respectively, at the optimal conditions after 30 min electrolysis. Under this condition, the degradation rate constant (k) and the degradation half-life (t_1/2) were 0.21 min^-1 and (2.8±0.2) min, respectively. Mainly carboxylic acids (propanoic acid, maleic acid, propanedioic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were detected as intermediates. The energy efficiencies for 2,4-DCP degradation (5-200 mg/L) with Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode ranged from 0.672 to 1.602 g/kWh. The Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode with a high activity to rapid organic oxidation could be employed to degrade chlorophenols, particularly 2,4-DCP in wastewater.     

畜禽粪便源芽孢杆菌多样性及对铜耐受性研究

芽孢杆菌制剂广泛应用于畜禽养殖和粪污处理等领域,铜作为饲料添加剂用于畜禽养殖,导致畜禽粪便中大量残留,在此压力下芽孢杆菌等会产生铜耐受性,由于芽孢杆菌的抗逆性,这种耐受性可由可移动遗传元件介导在环境中传播.本研究采集了多个规模化养殖场的牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪,从粪便中分离芽孢杆菌,通过PCR技术、最小抑菌浓度测定和全基因组测序方法,了解畜禽粪便中芽孢杆菌对铜耐受性.研究发现：(1)分离出芽孢杆菌属23种芽孢杆菌共235株.分离数量前三分别是枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)77株,占总数的32.77%;蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus)31株,占比13.19%;贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B.velezensis)28株,占比11.91%.(2)芽孢杆菌对铜耐受表型和基因型研究发现,铜对芽孢杆菌的MIC集中在200～400 mg·L^-1,占总数235株的77.87%(n=183),铜耐受能力较高的菌株能够达到500～600 mg·L^-1,占总数的16.17%(n=38),5株MIC达到600 mg·L^-1的菌株全部来自于猪粪...     

环境因子对湖泊沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响

以富营养化湖泊的沉积物湿样为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了pH、温度和氧气对沉积物中吸附态磷化氢生成和释放的影响．结果表明,实验过程维持pH值动态恒定,当起始pH值为1或12时,沉积物磷化氢消失很快;起始pH值为10时,吸附态磷化氢的净积累量较大;起始pH值4～12的条件下,向沉积物一水体系中加碱可使吸附态磷化氢的积累量增加．温度对吸附态磷化氢的生成和释放均有影响,20℃时沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净积累量最大．氧气对吸附态磷化氢的影响不显．沉积物中吸附态磷化氢的净含量是其生成和释放相互平衡后的结果．     

多壁碳纳米管序列修饰聚氯乙烯超滤膜的制备及性能研究

采用硫酸、硝酸混酸改性多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),通过化学水热法在改性的MWCNTs表面负载纳米Fe_3O_4,将负载Fe_3O_4的MWCNTs(MWCNTs/Fe_3O_4)与PVC在无磁场、有磁场作用下共混制膜,获得MWCNTs无序排列、有序排列修饰的PVC超滤膜,同时,制备了纯PVC膜以作比较.对共混膜有序修饰机制及断面形态进行了分析,对相关性能参数如接触角、膜的溶胀、膜孔隙率、膜平均孔径、纯水通量、截留性能及吸附性能等进行了研究.研究结果表明:MWCNTs/Fe_3O_4的加入使膜的亲水性、纯水通量、截留性能等有了显著提高,MWCNTs有序排列修饰使膜在表皮层形成了更加致密,更为狭长的微孔结构,具有了更优异的导流网络通道,在长时间运行条件下仍能保持良好的过滤负荷,提高了膜的性能.     

Environmental flows and its evaluation of restoration effect based on LEDESS model in Yellow River Delta wetlands

Due to freshwater supplement scarcity and heavy human activities, the fresh water wetland ecosystem in Yellow River Delta is facing disintegrated deterioration, and it is seriously affecting the health of the Yellow River ecosystem. This paper identifies the restoration objectives of wetland aiming to protect ecological and economic values and development as well as the water resources of the Yellow River. The hydraulic and groundwater coupling model and Landscape Ecological Decision and Evaluation Support System (LEDESS) of the Yellow River Delta were established to calculate environmental flows of degraded wetlands. LEDESS is a computer-based model developed and used to assess and evaluate the effects of land-use changes on nature. In this study, LEDESS is used to assess and evaluate the ecological effects and the restoration possibilities considering several environmental flows’ supplement scenarios. This included the changes of suitable habitat conditions and its ecological carrying capacities for indicator species, e.g., Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana), and Saunder’s gull (Larus relictus), and changing of ecological patterns. The results showed that replenishing fresh water to wetlands is one of the effective adaptive measures to mitigate wetland degradation and improve its habitat quality and carrying capacities. This study indicated that landscape ecology approach is not only considered as a good way to solve complex problems in ecosystem management but also can be used to decide on the environmental flows and assess its ecological effects in large-scale wetland rehabilitation. This integrated method could make environmental flows estimated and assessment more rational than the results of hydrologic methods. It could assist decision makers to “see” the ecological effects after water supplementing and so alleviate the contradictions between environmental flows and production water demands, and can facilitate the implementation of environmental flows in most countries with water resources shortage.     

Effect of electric intensity on the microbial degradation of petroleum pollutants in soil

Electro-bioremediation is an innovative method to remedy organic-polluted soil. However, the principle of electrokinetic technology enhancing the function of microbes, especially the relationship of electric intensity and biodegradation efficiency, is poorly investigated. Petroleum was employed as a target organic pollutant at a level of 50 g/kg (mass of petroleum/mass of dry soil). A direct current power supply was used for tests with a constant direct current electric voltage (1.0 V/cm). The petroleum concentrations were measured at 3275–3285 nm after extraction using hexane, the group composition of crude oil was analyzed by column chromatography. The water content of soil was kept 25% (m/m). The results indicated the degradation process was divided into two periods: from day 1 to day 40, from day 41 to day 100. The treatment of soil with an appropriate electric field led the bacteria to have a persistent effect in the whole period of 100 days. The highest biodegradation efficiency of 45.5% was obtained after treatment with electric current and bacteria. The electric-bioremediation had a positive effect on alkane degradation. The degradation rate of alkane was 1.6 times higher in the soil exposed to electric current than that treated with bacteria for 100 days. A proper direct current could stimulate the microbial activities and accelerate the biodegradation of petroleum. There was a positive correlation between the electric intensities and the petroleum bioremediation efficiencies with a coefficient of 0.9599.     

低有机碳含量表层土中Fe2O3对γ-666光解的催化作用

考察5种低有机碳含量天然土中Fe₂O₃光催化降解γ-666的光解动力学,γ-666的光解符合准一级动力学方程.从所得的γ-666光解动力学常数可知,随Fe₂O₃质量分数从0.40%增加到5.40%,γ-666的一级光解动力学常数也增大,且两者的线性相关系数为0.952,其在5种天然土中的半衰期随Fe₂O₃含量的增加依次为133.3h,82.5h,44.1h,28.5h,20.4h.由此可见,低有机碳含量天然土中Fe₂O₃对γ-666的光解具有明显的催化作用.