一株氯苯优势降解菌的降解条件优化

以氯苯降解率为降解效果指标,以降解温度、初始pH、降解时间、接种量和氯苯初始浓度为影响因素,对实验室保藏的一株氯苯优势降解菌株Lysinibacillus fusiformis LW13降解氯苯的降解条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,该降解菌株对氯苯的适宜降解条件分别为:温度20～40℃,pH为8.0,降解时间4 d,接种量2%～4%,氯苯初始浓度60～140 mg/L。以降解温度、氯苯初始浓度和接种量这三个显著影响因素进行正交试验,结果表明各影响因素的主次顺序为降解温度>氯苯初始浓度>接种量,最佳降解条件为降解温度35℃、氯苯初始浓度100 mg/L和接种量4%,最佳降解条件下氯苯降解率可高达93.8%。     

臭氧-生物活性炭系统处理印染废水低温启动研究

为探讨低温条件下臭氧-生物活性炭系统处理印染废水的挂膜启动方法,采用臭氧氧化、活性炭吸附、生物氧化、活性炭生物再生共同作用,对印染废水二级处理出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明:低温条件虽然延长了系统的挂膜启动时间,但不影响挂膜质量,22 d后挂膜启动完毕,浊度、色度、COD去除率分别为68.76%、73.2%、60%,出水水质良好且稳定。     

植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究进展与展望

在汞的生物地球化学循环中,对于"源"和"汇"的认识还存在许多不确定性。大气汞收支不平衡的问题使得植被在汞循环中的作用日益凸现;开展植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究有助于为全球汞减排政策的制定提供参考。本文首先概述了植被中汞的来源和影响因素及其与大气汞的源汇关系;进而重点论述了植被参与大气汞收支的主要方式:凋落物沉降、生物质燃烧和植被表面与大气汞的动态交换,并阐述了植被在大气汞污染监测中的应用;最后在总结我国相关研究的基础上展望了未来的发展方向。     

Enhanced dewatering characteristics of waste activated sludge with Fenton pretreatment: effectiveness and statistical optimization

In this work, the enhanced dewaterabing characteristics of waste activated sludge using Fenton pretreatment was investigated in terms of effectiveness and statistical optimization. Response surface method （RSM） and central composite design （CCD） were applied to evaluate and optimize the effectiveness of important operational parameters, i.e., H202 concentrations, Fe2＋ concentrations and initial pH values. A significant quadratic polynomial model was obtained （R2= 0.9189） with capillary suction time （CST） reduction efficiency as the response. Numerical optimization based on desirability function was carried out. The optimum values for H202, Fe2, and initial pH were found to be 178 mg-g-1 VSS （volatile suspended solids）, 211mg.gI VSS and 3.8, respectively, at which CST reduction efficiency of 98.25% could be achieved. This complied well with those predicted by the established polynomial model. The results indicate that Fenton pretreatment is an effective technique for advanced waste activated sludge dewatering. The enhancement of sludge dewaterability by Fenton＇s reagent lies in the migration of sludge bound water due to the disintegration of sludge flocs and microbial cells lysis.     

改性稻草对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学

以氢氧化钠作为预处理剂,以环氧氯丙烷作为醚化交联剂,以三甲胺作为季铵化反应剂,对原稻草进行改性;比较改性前后稻草的吸附效果,探究pH对吸附效果的影响以及不同初始浓度、温度条件下改性稻草吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学特性.结果表明,改性稻草对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量得到很大提高;pH值在2.0—6.4之间时,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量达到最大值,本实验选择pH=6.4;不同Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度和不同温度下,准二级速率方程相关系数R2的范围为0.9562—0.9982,证明准二级速率方程能够很好地描述改性稻草对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程,准二级速率方程的吸附速率常数k2随温度的升高而增大;准一级速率方程只适合描述Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程的初始阶段,吸附过程受颗粒内扩散的控制;稻草秸秆通过化学改性制成表面有季铵基的氯型吸附剂,Cr(Ⅵ)的阴离子与改性稻草上的氯离子交换从而得以去除.     

Evaluation and remediation of organics,nutrients and heavy metals in landfill leachate – a case study in Beijing

Leachate pollution in landfill sites is a major source of environmental concern. This study evaluates organics, nutrients and heavy metals in a landfill site in Beijing, and introduces a method combining coagulation–flocculation with filtration for the advanced treatment of leachate. The results confirm that COD_Cr, TN, NH₄⁺ ? N, TP, Mn and As in leachate treated by an anaeobic–oxic biological method are unable to meet discharge or surface water quality standards. When treated with coagulation–flocculation combined with filtration under optimal conditions (cationic polyacrylamide dosage of 8.0 mg/L; polyaluminium chloride dosage of 350 mg/L; 0.4–0.6 mm ceramsite media in the filtration process), the residual NH₄⁺? N, TN, Mn and As in the leachate meet the maximum allowed values for landfill leachate discharge or surface water quality standards in China; the exceptions are chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus. Leachate treatment processes could be further strengthened or improved.     

Fenton试剂氧化—原水调节出水pH法预处理碱性印染废水

采用Fenton试剂氧化—原水调节出水pH法预处理碱性印染废水,考察了n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)、Fenton试剂加入量、反应时间和原水与Fenton试剂氧化反应后出水体积比(配水比)对COD去除率及废水pH的影响.实验结果表明,在原水COD为986 mg/L、原水pH为9.31、Fe2+加入量为12 mmol/L、n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)为2、反应时间为30 min、配水比为2的最佳条件下,COD去除率为26.9％,出水pH为6.60.药剂成本较普通Fenton试剂氧化法减少70％.     

Harvesting and climate effects on organic matter characteristics in British Columbia coastal forests

As part of investigations into the effects of harvesting old-growth forest, we characterized carbon in five organic matter pools in eight forest chronosequences of coastal British Columbia. Each chronosequence comprised stands in four seral stages from regeneration (3-8 yr) to old-growth (>250 yr), with second-growth stands mostly of harvest origin. Stands were located in two biogeoclimatic subzones with contrasting climate (wetter, slightly cooler conditions on the west coast of Vancouver Island than on the east). Carbon concentrations in fine woody debris (FWD), forest floor (LFH), fine roots from LFH, and two water-floatable fractions from 10 to 30 cm mineral soil (MIN-ROOT, 2-8 mm and MIN-FLOAT, <2 mm) showed no significant effects due to climate, seral stage, or site. There were some significant differences in N concentrations, but none related to seral stage. Carbon-13 cross-polarization with magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra with principal component analysis of relative areas also showed little harvesting effect, but greater variation related to input of coarse woody debris (CWD) vs. roots high in tannin. Overall, there tended to be more spectral features associated with wood and lignin in the west; whereas some MIN-ROOT samples from the drier east side had aromatic intensity attributed to charcoal. The minimal effects of one harvest on organic matter are most likely due to the large legacy effect; however, more intensive management will probably result in less CWD retention, less charcoal input, and less microsite variability in these pools of poorly decomposed organic matter.     

测定回弹法专用测强曲线的数据融合方法

混凝土强度现场检测结果的准确性直接关系到结构的安全性。笔者利用通用回弹测强曲线提供的共性信息和现场试验得到的个性信息 ,通过数据融合方法 ,提出适应于现场情况的混凝土强度与回弹值之间的关系曲线。该曲线仍运用原有的幂函数形式并保持回归参数不变 ,通过增加位置参数反映现场试验的个性信息。其修正后的结果既反映混凝土回弹值和强度值之间的一般关系 ,又反映现场试验的实际情况。在混凝土回弹检测中采用该曲线 ,可极大地提高检测精度和检测结果的可靠性     

含炭织物材料的吸附性能比较研究

本文以三类典型含炭织物材料为研究对象,对它们的孔结构、吸苯量和吸二正丙基硫醚（DPS）量进行测试。结果表明：三种含炭织物材料的吸附性能有较大差异,且其微孔容积与静态吸苯量和吸DPS量之间的关系呈线性关系。