芒苞草（芒苞草科）种子的无菌萌发研究

选取野外采回的芒苞草种子为材料,研究无菌水和不同状态Ms培养基以及不同激素种类和浓度对芒苞草种子萌发的影响,并初步探讨了芒苞草幼苗的生长情况.结果表明:经4℃的低温春化处理2 mo后,播种在无菌水中的芒苞草种子萌发率可达95%,比同样条件下MS液体(25.1%)和固体(10.4%)培养基中的萌发率高;在有关激素影响的实验中,无菌水中6-BA和GA,对种子萌发没有促进作用,液体MS培养基中的1.0 mg/L GA,明显促进种子萌发,而固体MS培养基中0.5 mg/L 6-BA对种子萌发的促进作用较明显,1.0 mg/L 6.BA有利于从生芽的诱导.将无菌水和液体MS培养基中已发芽的芒苞草种子转移至固体MS培养基中培养可长成小植株.     

Analysis on Temporal and Spatial Changes and Driving Forces of Poverty-Stricken Areas in Hebei Province

Abstract

This paper takes poverty-stricken county as the basic unit, and selects net income per peasant to study the poverty status in Hebei Province during 1986–2000. Temporal and spatial changes of poverty-stricken areas are analyzed. The result shows that poverty-stricken areas in Hebei Province distributed concentratedly and the areas decreased during 1986–2000, the net income per peasant was on the rise with an increasing speed in off-poverty counties being slightly higher than that in poverty-stricken counties, but the growth rate was extremely unstable, rising slowly in off-poverty counties while dropping in poverty-stricken counties. The main driving forces that influenced temporal and spatial changes were economic development of the whole province, ecological environment quality, infrastructure conditions and radiation of the key city. On this basis, some anti-poverty countermeasures suitable to local conditions are proposed.     

Measuring sustainable urbanization in China: a case study of the coastal Liaoning area

The global urbanization process poses a serious challenge to achieving sustainable development. The significance of sustainable urbanization has been increasingly appreciated, yet, very little empirical evidence has been provided for this prospect. In this paper, we use the Human Development Index and the ecological footprint to measure the sustainability of the coastal Liaoning area. We then use the quadrant map approach to determine the relationship between sustainability and urbanization. The results show that the coastal area has made progress in sustainable urbanization in the social dimension. Improvement in the environmental dimension has been dynamic. Our results indicate that sustainable urbanization is a dynamic, multi-dimensional progress that requires regular monitoring and reevaluation. This paper also highlights the importance of choosing more complete indicators for measuring the sustainability of urbanization, as no single model or measurement is sufficient for quantifying the different dimensions of sustainability.     

Perspectives on Disconnects Between Scientific Information and Management Decisions on Post-fire Recovery in Western US

Environmental regulations frequently mandate the use of “best available” science, but ensuring that it is used in decisions around the use and protection of natural resources is often challenging. In the Western US, this relationship between science and management is at the forefront of post-fire land management decisions. Recent fires, post-fire threats (e.g. flooding, erosion), and the role of fire in ecosystem health combine to make post-fire management highly visible and often controversial. This paper uses post-fire management to present a framework for understanding why disconnects between science and management decisions may occur. We argue that attributes of agencies, such as their political or financial incentives, can limit how effectively science is incorporated into decision-making. At the other end of the spectrum, the lack of synthesis or limited data in science can result in disconnects between science-based analysis of post-fire effects and agency policy and decisions. Disconnects also occur because of the interaction between the attributes of agencies and the attributes of science, such as their different spatial and temporal scales of interest. After offering examples of these disconnects in post-fire treatment, the paper concludes with recommendations to reduce disconnects by improving monitoring, increasing synthesis of scientific findings, and directing social-science research toward identifying and deepening understanding of these disconnects.     

基于模糊Petri网的燃气PE管道风险评价

在燃气聚乙烯(PE)管道风险评价过程中,为降低风险因素的模糊性、不确定性对评价准确性的影响,在模糊推理的基础上,提出一种基于模糊Petri网(Fuzzy Petri net,FPN)的燃气PE管道风险评价方法。首先对燃气PE管道主要风险因素进行分析,以燃气PE管道事故为顶事件,建立一个包括3个二级指标和16个三级指标的层次化评价指标体系;然后将风险评价指标体系转换为FPN模型,并运用层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法组合求取各评价指标的权重值,既避免了主观赋权的主观性和盲目性,又避免了客观赋权的片面性和机械性;最后根据模糊Petri网模型给出模糊推理算法,并应用模糊推理算法进行燃气PE管道风险评价。实例分析表明:与传统的风险评价方法相比,应用模糊Petri网的燃气PE管道风险评价方法得出的结果更加客观和准确。     

烧烤烟气中挥发性有机物的释放规律及健康风险评价

在用餐高峰期和非高峰期分别对大型烧烤店、中型烧烤店和小型路边烧烤摊排放的烟气进行检测,发现TVOC浓度高峰期达到环境本底值的2~3倍,小型室外烧烤摊>中型烧烤店>大型烧烤店;苯与二甲苯变化规律呈现一定差异性,苯高峰期后浓度呈下降趋势,而二甲苯由于自由基反应减弱浓度缓慢升高,但仍低于高峰期浓度;苯、二甲苯的暴露剂量高峰期大于非高峰期;室外烧烤摊的暴露剂量明显大于大型烧烤店,与中型烧烤店相差不大;整个采样环境下苯不存在较高致癌风险,但仍然存在致癌风险;二甲苯不会对暴露人群造成明显的非致癌健康影响。     

国内外PM2.5源谱对比及其对空气质量模拟效果的影响

对比了国内外固定燃烧源、工业过程源、道路移动源和扬尘源等排放源PM_2.5成分谱之间的差异,并利用CMAQ（区域空气质量模型）模拟识别各PM_2.5成分谱之间的差异对空气质量模拟影响较大的排放源.结果表明:① 由于国内外发展水平、排放标准、采样分析条件以及排放源除尘设备等的差异,各排放源PM_2.5成分谱差异较大;② PM_2.5成分谱差异较大的源主要有燃煤电厂、水泥制造、重型柴油车和道路扬尘等,而差异较大的组分主要有SO₄2-、NO₃-和Ca等;③ 道路移动源源谱本地化对PM_2.5的模拟影响最大,其次为扬尘源和工业过程源,而固定燃烧源则相较最小,其中道路移动源源谱本地化模拟案例与基线的PM_2.5模拟质量浓度绝对差值为0.27μg/m3,各组分质量浓度差系数之和为52.60×10-3 μg/（m3·kg）,而固定燃烧源源谱本地化模拟案例PM_2.5模拟质量浓度绝对差值仅为0.10μg/m3,各组分之和为2.12×10-3 μg/（m3·kg）.研究显示,有必要采用统一的标准开展本地源成分谱测试工作,为源解析及模型模拟提供基础性数据,而从对空气质量模型模拟影响的角度出发,优先建立道路移动源本地化PM_2.5成分谱较为重要.      

美国生态毒理数据库(ECOTOX)对中国数据库构建的启示

生态毒性数据库对于环境保护科学研究特别是环境基准研究具有非常重要的作用.目前,尚缺乏能够支撑我国环境管理工作的基础毒性数据库和平台,已成为制约我国开展环境基准、生态风险评估、环境质量评价、污染治理、毒理学等方面研究的瓶颈之一,因此亟需建立具有中国本土生物的毒性数据库和平台.ECOTOX（Ecotoxicology Knowledgebase,美国生态毒理数据库）的技术和经验对中国同类数据库构建有重要的启示作用.该研究系统综述了ECOTOX构建的核心内容:文献收集条件、数据来源、数据采集过程和数据收集元素,并与国内目前的毒性数据库和与生态调查数据密切相关的数据库进行了对比研究.ECOTOX存在数据收集内容有待增加、数据库构建方法落后、非英文文献中的毒性数据收集较少、与生态毒理学相关研究链接不够紧密的问题,同时我国毒性数据库的实用性和可靠性也有待进一步提高.从开展环境基准、生态风险评估和毒理学深入研究的角度,提出构建中国生态毒性数据库的建议,如提供完整、有效和共享的生态毒性数据资源,形成毒理数据整编标准和规范,衔接国内现有数据库,采用大数据云计算技术,注重中国本土生物和新型污染物毒性数据收集等.      

超滤技术在给水处理中的应用及发展状况

超滤技术是一种膜分离技术,在给水处理领域的应用已趋于成熟。随着环境污染问题日益严重化以及GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》对饮用水水质各项指标要求的严格化,传统水处理技术已经无法满足人们的需求,发展与推广以超滤技术为代表的新型水处理技术非常必要。通过对超滤技术概况及其工程应用实例的介绍,分析了超滤技术的发展瓶颈以及市场技术前景。     

Characteristics of colloids and their affinity for heavy metals in road runoff with different traffic in Beijing,China

The characteristics of colloids in urban road runoff with different traffic in Beijing, China, such as concentration, particle size, chemical property, and affinity for heavy metals were determined. The concentration of colloids was high, and an evident first flush effect was found in the runoff of road with heavy traffic. A large portion of colloids were distributed in the range of 1–10 μm. Traffic activity, rainfall intensity, and time of sample collection would not change the size distribution of colloids in the road runoff. The chemical property of colloids in the road runoff would be influenced by the soil erosion nearby green space, causing the content of organic colloids was high. The correlation coefficient between the concentration of colloids in colloidal fractions and the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Mn) in the road runoff with different traffic decreased with the same sequence from 0.02–0.2 μm, 0.2–0.45 μm, 0.45–1 μm, to 1–10 μm, suggesting that the heavy metals had stronger affinity for the colloids with small size. The concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn exhibited significant correlations with the concentration of organic colloids in the road runoff. More aggregated spherical particles were found in the TEM image of the road runoff with heavy traffic. Zeta potentials and RMV data showed that the colloids with smaller size and the colloids in the road runoff with lighter traffic were much more stable.