Improving disintegration and acidification of waste activated sludge by combined alkaline and microwave pretreatment

The individual alkaline or microwave pretreatment has been proved to be effective in disintegration and acidification of waste activated sludge (WAS). In this study, the effects of combined alkaline and microwave pretreatment at different pH and specific energy input (Es) on WAS disintegration were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Combined pretreatment achieved disintegration degree (DD) of 65.87% at Es of 38,400 kJ/kg TS and pH 11.0. The ANOVA further demonstrated that pH showed more significant effect on DD than Es. Anaerobic batch experiment results showed that combined pretreatment not only significantly improved volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation but also shortened the time for the highest VFAs accumulation. The maximal VFAs accumulation (1500 mg COD/L) obtained at Es of 28,800 kJ/kg TS and fermentation time of 72 h, which was about two times that of the treatment without microwave (850 mg COD/L) at 96 h. The analysis of VFAs composition showed that the VFAs mainly consisted of acetic and iso-valeric acids, accounting for 57.3–70.1% of total VFAs.     

Potential lung carcinogenicity induced by chronic exposure to PM2.5 in the rat

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may increase lung cancer risk, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study explored...     

诺氟沙星对生物转盘反应器处理污染河水性能的影响

诺氟沙星作为一种常用的氟喹诺酮类抗生素,普遍存在于自然水体中,其输入会刺激水环境进而影响受污染水体的处理效果.为了探究诺氟沙星对反应器处理污染河水性能的影响,向反应器中投加不同浓度的诺氟沙星,研究反应器中NH~+_4-N、TN、TP和COD_(Mn)去除率及生物膜特性的变化.结果表明,不同浓度的诺氟沙星对反应器中污染物去除率的影响不同.诺氟沙星浓度为0.05μg·L~(-1)时,对NH~+_4-N、TN去除率的影响表现为先促进后抑制;随着诺氟沙星浓度的持续增加,对NH~+_4-N、TN去除率的影响更加显著(p0.05).反应器TP的去除率随诺氟沙星添加浓度的不断增加而明显降低,且添加浓度越高下降趋势越明显(p0.05).而诺氟沙星的存在对COD_(Mn)去除没有明显作用(p0.05).诺氟沙星的添加使生物膜VSS/TSS、TTC-脱氢酶活性降低,同时,微生物为进行自我保护分泌了大量EPS从而增加了蛋白和多糖含量.诺氟沙星的存在改变了生物膜EPS化学组分及化学含量,并且降低了生物膜物种多样性和丰富度.     

Effects of fulvic substances on the distribution and migration of Hg in landfill leachate

Mercury (Hg) distribution and migration in different landfill stabilization processes were evaluated in this study. Wide ranges of Hg concentrations were observed because of the heterogeneity and variability of landfill refuse. In addition, temporally variable conditions, including pH, organic matter, and vegetation cover, which influence Hg migration in landfills, may also affect the temporal distribution of Hg in landfill refuse. The main fraction of Hg, elemental Hg, decreased with time, while the stable fractions of Hg increased. The fulvic acid (FA) extracted from the landfill leachate had much lower overall Hg-complexation stability constants, which suggests that organic S groups might have been rapidly saturated by small amounts of Hg while leaving oxygen functional groups, such as carboxylic functional or phenolic groups, acting as the primary binding sites for Hg.     

锌对淡水生物的毒性特征与水质基准的研究

锌是生命体必需的一种微量元素,但当锌的浓度超过一定剂量时,又会对生物体产生一定的毒害作用.为了系统研究锌对水生生物的毒性作用,亟需开展锌的水质基准研究工作.本文用物种敏感度分布法对锌的毒性特征开展了深入研究,并按照水质基准常用的几种方法,包括评价因子法、毒性百分数排序法和物种敏感度分布法分别推导了我国锌的保护淡水水生生...     

冬季采暖期气象条件对PM2.5等空气质量要素的影响——以咸阳市为例

以汾渭平原典型城市——咸阳为研究区域,利用地面空气质量监测数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）发布的第五代全球气候再分析资料数据集（ERA5）,分析了咸阳市2018—2020年3 a采暖期污染物浓度变化特征和不同污染程度下的气象条件,采用统计学方法分析各项污染物浓度与气象因素间的相关性,使用多元线性回归模型评价各气象因素对PM_2.5浓度的影响程度,使用二元Logistic回归分析气象因素对PM_2.5超标风险的影响。咸阳市采暖期首要污染物以细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）为主,采暖期超标最多的污染物为PM_2.5,超标天数逐年递减;PM₁₀的日变化呈“双峰双谷”型,PM_2.5的谷值出现在17∶00且夜晚浓度较高。颗粒物浓度与相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、边界层高度、温度、气压呈负相关。多元线性回归预测模型显示PM_2.5浓度预测值与实测值变化趋势保持一致,预测值的波动频率比实测值大,预测准确率为51.54%;二元Logistic回归模型显示：除相对湿度外,其他气象因素对PM_2.5超标情况都是保护因素,边界层高度每增高1 m,日均浓度超标风险降低0.7%;相对湿度每升高1%,日均浓度超标风险升高5.3%;温度每升高1℃,日均浓度超标风险降低19.8%;气压每升高1 hPa,日均浓度超标风险降低9.7%。以上研究结果揭示了咸阳市采暖期主要气象因素对空气污染的影响程度,为我国北方城市今后的空气污染治理提供科学依据,为相关政策制定提供理论参考。     

海水淡化工程用海适宜性评价指标体系与模型构建研究

海水淡化在中国沿海城市地区获得了广泛应用,海水淡化用海涉及到多方面的因素.根据海水淡化工程用海的特点,建立基于自然-生态环境-社会经济框架的指标体系,给出了评价指标量化方法.建立了模糊综合评价法的海水淡化用海适宜性评价模型,形成具有科学化、定量化等特征的海水淡化用海适宜性评价体系,研究成果可为海水淡化的开发与管理提供科学参考.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on dynamics of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing strains during Microcystis blooms

In an attempt to elucidate the effects of different CO2concentrations(270, 380, and 750 μL/L) on the competition of microcystin-producing(MC-producing) and non-MC-producing Microcystis strains during dense cyanobacteria blooms, an in situ simulation experiment was conducted in the Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in the summer of 2012. The abundance of total Microcystis and MC-producing Microcystis genotypes was quantified based on the 16 S r DNA and mcy D gene using real-time PCR. The results showed that atmospheric CO2 elevation would significantly decrease the p H value and increase the dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) concentration.Changes in CO2 concentration did not show significant influence on the abundance of total Microcystis population. However, CO2 concentrations may be an important factor in determining the subpopulation structure of Microcystis. The enhancement of CO2 concentrations could largely increase the competitive ability of non-MC-producing over MC-producing Microcystis, resulting in a higher proportion of non-MC-producing subpopulation in treatments using high CO2 concentrations. Concurrently, MC concentration in water declined when CO2 concentrations were elevated. Therefore, we concluded that the increase of CO2 concentrations might decrease potential health risks of MC for human and animals in the future.     

四川省房屋数据空间化及在芦山7.0级地震灾情快速评估中的应用

在四川省城乡布局和经济分区的基础上,通过308个房屋数据抽样点(1 km×1 km)并结合土地利用数据,建立分类的房屋数据空间化模型。将其结果应用到芦山7.0级地震震例中,得到以下结论:灾区毁坏与严重破坏房屋数量591 077间,误差为4.1%;房屋直接经济损失估算259.6~300亿元,误差为4.5%~10.2%;死亡人数误差为26.0%~71.9%;受伤人数误差12.7%~22.3%。结果表明:提出的房屋空间化方法较好地体现了实际房屋分布情况,为建立大区域的房屋空间数据提供了途径。用该数据评估得到的灾区房屋倒损、人员伤亡、经济损失数据有较高的可信度。在此基础上以房屋倒损结构类型和面积为指标划分救援区域,为救援力量的合理部署提供依据。     

开关型限流装置接入线路对继电保护的影响

高压线路加装开关型限流装置是降低短路水平的有效措施,具有正常运行时不改变线路潮流的优点,但需要研究对线路继电保护装置的影响。通过 330 kV 安-迎线加装开关型限流装置进行人工短路保护动作行为试验,同时建立限流电抗器模型进行仿真计算,分析限流效果和对线路保护的影响,提出了加装限流装置后线路保护定值的运行策略。结果表明:限流装置效果明显,对线路主保护定值无影响,后备保护配合关系保持不变,仅需根据电抗器参数核算后备保护的灵敏度。