广东省人为源BC、OC排放清单建立与校验

根据收集的人为源活动水平数据和最新的排放因子,采用"自下而上"和"自上而下"相结合的排放因子法建立了广东省2012年人为源BC、OC排放清单.结果显示,2012年广东省人为源BC、OC排放量分别为53.5×103、78.8×103t.BC排放主要来自道路移动源和生物质燃烧源,贡献率分别为30.1%和29.4%,生物质燃烧源和餐饮源是主要的OC排放贡献源,贡献率分别为48.5%和16.9%.建立的BC、OC排放源清单仍然具有较大的不确定性,分别为-66%~154%和-63%~126%.其中,道路移动源和生物质燃烧源是主要的不确定贡献源,餐饮源和扬尘源次之,不确定性主要来自由质量分数间接得到的BC和OC排放因子.最后,采用清单结果横向比较法和基于环境监测浓度结果对比法2种方法对本研究的结果进行了校验,结果表明,本研究清单结果基本合理.建议统一不同排放源成分谱的建立方法,加强排放源颗粒物测试,并重视清单结果校验的研究以降低不确定性,从而改进BC、OC排放源清单.     

不同生育期Cd胁迫对水稻生长及镉累积的影响

采用水培试验方法,从水稻移栽至某特定生育期之间添加外源镉(Cd),通过递推减法,研究了湘晚籼13号水稻不同生育期Cd胁迫对其生长和不同部位中Cd含量的影响.结果表明,50μg·L~(-1)外源Cd胁迫不会影响水稻的正常生长发育,糙米中的Cd主要来源于水稻分蘖期吸收的Cd在后期的迁移、灌浆期吸收的Cd和成熟期吸收的Cd,这3个关键生育期对糙米中最终Cd含量的贡献率分别为36.4%、18.2%和16.4%.因此,与灌浆期和成熟期相比,在水稻分蘖期采用一些植物阻隔技术可能对水稻籽粒中Cd含量的削减更为重要.     

SO2污染激活AT1R改变运动大鼠心肌胶原纤维形态学并导致心功能降低

为了观察SO₂污染环境下运动对大鼠心功能的影响,从心脏局部肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system,RAS）核心成员——血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensin Ⅱ,AngⅡ）Ⅰ型受体（AT₁R）介导的心肌胶原纤维形态结构重塑的角度出发,应用心脏插管技术观察大鼠的心脏功能;采用放射免疫技术（ELISA）、免疫组织化学和胃酶酸解法等方法对心肌局部ρ（AngⅡ）、AT₁R蛋白表达水平、w（HYP）（HYP为羟脯氨酸）及胶原容积分数进行检测.结果表明:①单纯运动组（EG）大鼠主动脉收缩压、左室内压峰值、±dp/dt_max（左室内压最大上升速率/下降速率）显著升高（P < 0.01）,舒张压、AT₁R蛋白表达显著降低（P < 0.01）,w（HYP）、w（CC）（心肌胶原浓度）、PVCA（血管周围胶原面积）、CVF（心肌胶原容积分数）及ρ（AngⅡ）有升高趋势（P>0.01）;②单纯SO₂污染组（SRG）大鼠左室末期舒张压显著升高（P < 0.01）,左室内压±dp/dt_max显著降低（P < 0.01）;w（HYP）、w（CC）、PVCA、CVF、ρ（AngⅡ）及AT₁R蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P < 0.01）;③SO₂污染+运动组（SEG）大鼠左室末期舒张压显著升高（P < 0.01）,主动脉收缩压、左室内压峰值、左室内压±dp/dt_max显著降低（P < 0.01）,w（HYP）、w（CC）、PVCA、CVF、ρ（AngⅡ）及AT₁R蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P < 0.01）,并且较SRG大鼠升高更显著（P < 0.01）.研究显示,SO₂污染导致运动大鼠心肌胶原纤维形态结构发生异常重塑,最终使大鼠的心功能产生显著的负性变力性效应,其机制可能与心脏局部RAS系统的激活有关.      

散射辐射对青藏高原高寒草地总初级生产力模拟的影响

太阳辐射的散射组分能够增强植被冠层LUE（light use efficiency,光能利用率）,因此需要在生产力模型中显式地加入散射辐射的影响,从而更准确地模拟植被冠层光合作用.以青藏高原高寒草地为研究对象,改进光能利用率模型,增加散射辐射模块,利用站点通量观测数据估计模型关键参数;结合区域尺度气象数据和遥感数据,模拟了2003—2008年青藏高原高寒草地区域尺度GPP（gross primary production,总初级生产力）,并量化了GPP模拟的不确定性,进而通过分析模型改进前后GPP空间分布及其不确定性的差异量化了散射辐射的作用.结果表明:考虑散射辐射对LUE的影响后,模型参数优化效果明显提升,青藏高原高寒草地GPP的模拟效果得到提升;2003—2008年青藏高原高寒草地GPP模拟值呈现东南部较大,西北部较小的空间格局,与不考虑散射辐射的结果一致,但GPP平均值由312.3 g/（m2·a）增至341.7 g/（m2·a）,增幅约9.4%,说明不考虑散射辐射会低估青藏高原高寒草地GPP;GPP模拟值不确定性的空间分布与不考虑散射辐射的结果一致,但是平均不确定性大小有所降低,从9.15%降至8.66%.研究显示,若在青藏高原高寒草地的GPP模拟中不考虑散射辐射,虽不会影响其空间格局,但会低估GPP模拟值的大小,同时增加其不确定性.      

环保主义设计价值观在平面设计中的应用分析研究

传统设计方式存在原材料利用率低、缺少新能源研发、设计过于花哨等问题,为了解决该问题,提出环保主义设计价值观在平面设计中应用分析。通过分析原材料使用形状,研究原材料利用情况;采用再生材料作为平面设计基础,减少对自然环境危害,重视新能源研发;利用纯粹和优雅朴素环保理念引起消费者与设计者之间共鸣。通过实证分析结果可知,环保主义设计价值观在平面设计中应用可提高原材料利用率、新能源研发效果好、用户满意程度高。     

A Study on Theoretical Model and Applied Evaluation of Land Use Performance of High-tech Zone in Urban Fringe： A Case Study in Haidian District, Beijing

High-tech industrial zone is an important carrier for constructing innovative cities. It also plays an important role in implementing the national independent innovative strategy. However, most of the high-tech industrial zones have many problems in their development process, such as efficiency of land use, weakness of oriented function and lack of land intensive. To solve these problems, the authors of this paper introduced the concept of land use performance and established the theoretical model to assess the land use performance of high-tech industrial zones. The model consists of the following three-dimensional parts： land use benefit, land use efficiency and innovative function. Based on this theory model, an index system which was composed of three secondary indictors, eight tertiary indictors and 37 fourth-grade indictors was set up to evaluate the land use performance of high-tech zone. To avoid the defects of plus model and function model, the authors brought out a three-dimensional evaluation model to examine the index of the land use performance of the high-tech industrial parks, which equals to the evaluation indicator system of land use performance of high-tech zone based on the above research. The authors examined the land use performance of five different high-tech industrial parks in Haidian District, Beijing City. The results indicated that the indicator system performs better in the aspect of evaluating land use benefit, land use efficiency and function of the high-tech industrial zone compared with other models.     

Study of the Optimization and Adjustment ofthe IndustrialStructure Subjected to Water Resource in the Drainage Area of the Yellow River

Since the 1990s, the Yellow River stream has been temporarily interrupted for several years, which affects the development of society, the economy and human life, limits the economic potential of the drainage areas, and especially causes great harm to regions on the lower reaches. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the development of society and economy and water scarcity, the author thinks it is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure that has extravagantly consumed enormous amounts of water, and to develop ecological agriculture, industry and tourism which are balanced with the ecological environment. Finally, the author puts forward several pieces of advice and countermeasures about how to build the economic systems by which water can be used economically.     

Characteristics of environmental factors and their effects on CH4 and CO2 emissions from a closed landfill: An ecological case study of Shanghai

To elucidate the influence of landfill gas (LFG) emission on environmental factors, an ecological investigation that was primarily concerned with the characteristics of vegetation, cover soil, and solid waste in the landfill was carried out. Temporal and spatial variations in vegetation diversity and coverage and their effects on reducing the emission of methane in the landfill were investigated. The results showed that both vegetation coverage and diversity increased with elapsed landfill closure time. The transition trend of the vegetation species was from perennial plant (Phragmites australis) to annual plants. Perennial vegetation was the dominant type of vegetation during the early closure period, and annual vegetation coverage increased with closure time. Vegetation preferentially appeared in areas of comparatively high depth of cover soil, which was characterized by high moisture retentiveness that enabled vegetation growth. The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide in the cover soil significantly decreased with increasing closure time. The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide from bare cover soil were higher than those from vegetated cover soil whereas the CO₂ flux of bare cover soil was less than that of vegetated cover soil.     

浅谈可燃气体检测报警器管理及应用

报警器使用过程中经常出现准确度下降、零点漂移、检测器损坏等问题,严重影响着企业的安全生产.分析了可燃气体报警器使用过程中存在的问题,提出了相应的解决方案.     

碳纳米管预沉积改性膜的污染机理研究

为探究碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes,CNTs)预沉积改性膜的污染机理,本研究使用正压过滤法将CNTs预沉积在3种孔径的有机膜(20 kDa聚醚砜膜、0.01 μm和0.1 μm聚偏二氟乙烯膜)表面,研究了CNTs预沉积改性膜过滤3种典型污染物(牛血清蛋白、腐殖酸、海藻酸钠)过程中的膜污染情况.根据比通量、Hermia模型和传统滤饼过滤模型,对恒压死端过滤3种典型污染物过程中的污染机理进行了系统评价.结果表明,20 kDa PES膜和0.01 μm PVDF膜表面预沉积CNTs改性后,过滤3种典型膜污染物质时的膜污染情况都得到了一定程度的缓解.20 kDa PES膜表面预沉积CNTs后过滤HA初期为完全孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理,最终转变为滤饼过滤;过滤SA的污染机理为完全孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理.0.01 μm PVDF膜表面沉积CNTs改性后过滤HA初期的污染机理为膜孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理,然后经过向滤饼过滤转变的过渡阶段,最终形成滤饼过滤,且随着CNTs沉积量的增加,过渡阶段持续时间延长.0.1 μm PVDF膜表面预沉积CNTs后过滤3种污染物,均未能缓解膜污染,膜污染机理不受CNTs沉积改性的影响,其过滤BSA和HA的污染机理为膜孔堵塞,过滤SA过程的污染机理符合滤饼过滤.