DNA Heat Treatment for Improving qPCR Analysis of Human Adenovirus in Wastewater

PCR inhibitory substances in complex sample matrices can cause false negatives or under-estimation of target concentration. This study assessed DNA heat treatment for reducing inhibition during qPCR analysis of human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater samples. Inhibition was reduced by heat treating DNA, where mean HAdV concentration was increased by 0.71 log₁₀ GC/L (and up to 3.04 log₁₀ GC/L in one case), and replicate variability and false negatives were reduced. DNA heat treatment should be further investigated for improving reliability of HAdV concentration estimates in water, which can support more accurate assessment of health risks associated with viral pathogen exposure.     

Assessment and Evaluation of an Integrated Hybrid Anaerobic–Aerobic Sewage Treatment System for the Removal of Enteric Viruses

The capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup I (GGI), norovirus genogroup II (GGII), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), and adenovirus was studied. This pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), biological aerated filter (BAF), and inclined plate settler (IPS). Both the UASB and BAF are packed with a non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF). Results indicated that the overall log₁₀ reductions of enteric viruses’ genome copies through the whole system were 3.1 ± 1, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 0.9 log₁₀ for rotavirus, norovirus GGI, and adenovirus, respectively. Reduction efficiency for both norovirus GGII and HEV after the different treatment steps could not be calculated because there were no significant numbers of positive samples for both viruses. The overall reduction of rotavirus infectious units through the whole system was 2.2 ± 0.8 log₁₀ reduction which is very close to the overall log₁₀ reduction of adenovirus infectious units through the whole system which was 2.1 ± 0.8 log₁₀ reduction. There was no considerable difference in the removal efficiency for different rotavirus G and P types. Adenovirus 41 was the only type detected in the all positive samples. Although the pilot WWTP investigated is cost effective, has a small footprint, does not need a long distance network pipes, and easy to operate, its efficiency to remove enteric viruses is comparable with the conventional centralized WWTPs.     

~(129)I年代学初始值研究进展

~(129)I由于具有较长半衰期,为2 Ma—80 Ma的地质定年提供了可能,因此,近几十年来,~(129)I定年的关键参数"初始值"受到了学术界关注。海洋系统中~(129)I初始值研究已较为成熟,并得到广泛认可和应用。陆地环境的认知有限,但一定程度上暗示了海陆间可能存在差异。由于环境中天然~(129)I和~(127)I来源的不同,影响地表碘同位素混合过程的环境因素是讨论陆地~(129)I初始值水平的关键,将为以后确定陆地环境的~(129)I初始值提供思路。     

2013 — 2016年西安市臭氧时空变化特性与影响因素

臭氧污染主要是由前体物氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOC）的过量排放引起的,通过NO_x/?SO₂的比值可得知西安地区已经受到了光化学烟雾型污染的影响,大气中臭氧含量与NO_x的含量相关性较高;西安13个站点的8小时平均浓度分布变化大体可分为单峰变化和持续递减类型,浓度主要集中在0?—?90 μg???m^?3,不同站点臭氧含量相差较大;2013?—?2016年,高新西区臭氧超标天数最多,为146天,是超标天数最少的兴庆小区的2倍多。高浓度臭氧主要出现在高温度、低湿度、实时风向为东南风或南风的天气。此外,治理臭氧污染必须限制机动车尾气排放,同时研究表明来自秦岭的植物VOC对于西安臭氧浓度影响很大。     

典型水库型湖泊中CDOM吸收及荧光光谱变化特征:基于沿岸生态系统分析

为进一步了解水库型湖泊溶解性有机质(DOM)的地球化学特征,本文以三峡库区典型内陆水库型湖泊——长寿湖为研究对象,利用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱,并结合湖区周边生态系统分析,讨论了长寿湖水体中CDOM的组成、来源和空间分布特征.结果表明,长寿湖不同采样点DOM浓度(DOC和CDOM)存在一定程度的空间分布差异,但各点FDOM分布较为稳定.回水区出现DOM累积,由于受陆源输入影响有限,水体内源活动主导,具有较明显"内源控制"特征,芳香性和分子量相对较低;而周边陆地以人工林兼旅游开发为主的采样点,陆源输入在带入较多腐殖化(高芳香性)组分的同时,人为活动排放也是导致其类蛋白组分丰富的重要原因;入湖区尽管周边果林和居民生活对水体DOM有一定影响,但上游河流输入的影响也不容忽视.另外,各采样点也出现了不受周边生态系统影响的独立的相关性特征,例如芳香性特征常数(SUVA280)和光谱斜率[S(275~295)]显著负相关、CDOM和FDOM极显著正相关、CDOM和S(275~295)负相关等.同时,长寿湖水体中CDOM的生色团主要由具有芳香性结构的大分子组分构成;至少51%的CDOM波动可以通过FDOM变化来进行解释,其中回水区荧光组分对CDOM变动的影响最为明显.在采用传统FI值无法区分DOM来源差异性时,结合采样点沿岸生态系统,综合紫外-可见和荧光光谱特征,有助于对DOM组成及来源进行解析.     

适用于中国燃煤电厂的汞监测及排放控制技术

随着GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》的颁布,汞排放问题正式列入了控制目标,这必将对燃煤电厂的环保设施提出新的更高的要求。在综述国外汞监测技术的前提下,总结脱硫脱硝污染物监测的经验,针对中国的具体情况分析了新形势下我国燃煤电厂汞监测技术的发展方向和关键技术的开发重点。同时分析了在最大化地利用燃煤电厂现有环保设施和设备的情况下,如何开发在今后一段时期内最适宜在我国广泛应用的汞排放控制技术,也对国内今后的政策发展进行了预测。     

餐厨垃圾与污水污泥共消化产酸试验研究

研究了餐厨垃圾与污水污泥在不同混合比例、不同污泥停留时间条件下的共消化产酸效果。试验结果表明:当餐厨垃圾与污水污泥TS比为1∶3时,SRT=1 d的反应器酸化效率最高,且乙酸含量占优,产酸效果较佳;当TS之比为1∶1时,各反应器产酸量普遍高于1∶3时,其中SRT=5 d产酸反应器,最高酸化效率达5.94,产酸量最大,且乙酸含量占优,运行效果最佳。     

硫酸钙垢层清洗方法研究

从化学热力学角度和沉淀转化角度,理论上分析了碳酸钠、氢氧化钠分别与硫酸钙发生化学反应的可能性和反应进行的限度。并结合动力学规律,提出影响化学反应的条件,通过实验进行检验。最后提出,在实际工作中,达到良好清洗目的可采取的措施。