农村黑臭水体治理现状、问题及对策建议

2019年,生态环境部先后实施农村黑臭水体治理试点和全面排查工作,摸清底数,初步建立了名册台账。本文基于对相关政策评估及对江西省、四川省、河南省、山东省和吉林省等地调研,深入剖析当前农村黑臭水体治理工作存在的问题,并结合基层实际情况和“十四五”时期黑臭水体治理工作要求,提出农村黑臭水体治理建议,以期为加快解决农村居民身边的突出环境问题提供参考。     

便携式ＧＣ-ＭＳ测定空气中有毒物质的应用

文章介绍了便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)的结构原理,结合应急监测的需要,说明了仪器性能参数与分析操作模式,探讨了标准曲线的建立与验证。通过仪器的实际应用,指出该仪器能够解决应急监测中目前存在的对有机污染物难以快速定性、定量的问题。利用捕集浓缩器富集待测定空气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),可迅速判断出气体样品中的挥发性有机化合物组分,给出定量测定结果。并根据日常使用情况,总结了便携式GC-MS性能特点。     

单壁碳纳米管致昆明小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤

单壁碳纳米管(single walled carbon nanotubes,SWCNTs)是纳米材料研究关注的焦点之一.尽管如此,关于其神经毒性的研究相对较少.本研究将SWCNTs以不同的浓度(0 mg·kg-1·d-1,3.125 mg·kg-1·d-1,6.25 mg·kg-1·d-1,12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1),通过腹腔注射于Kunming小鼠体内.神经行为学实验(旷场实验)结果表明,在一定浓度的SWCNTs作用下,小鼠的情绪受到一定的影响,具有抑郁症的特征,出现移动能力下降,紧张等现象.同时小鼠脑部组织的活性氧族(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平升高(p0.05),还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平降低(p0.05),炎症因子白介素-1β(interleukin-1 beta,IL-1β)的水平升高(p0.05).组织学观察显示,随着染毒浓度的升高,脑海马锥体细胞的空泡化程度愈加明显,着色不均,锥体细胞顶状树突逐渐消失,细胞排列松散,尼氏小体消失.结论:一定浓度的SWCNTs可以导致小鼠脑组织发生病变,产生一定的神经毒性.     

乙氧氟草醚在模拟稻田-鱼塘生态系统中残留动态的研究

在野外稻田-鱼塘模拟系统研究了乙氧氟草醚以规定剂量72g/hm2施用于田间后的残留分布及消解动态?结果表明,施药后4h该药在稻田表水和鱼沟中的浓度分别为29.4和19.6μg/L,在稻田土?鱼塘水和塘泥中的最大浓度分别为0.752,0.006和0.156mg/L?且在各介质中消解迅速,在田表水?塘水?田土中的半衰期分别为4.5,48.8h和7.2d?说明该药对水生生物虽有较高毒性,但在规定使用剂量下,其在稻田及邻近鱼塘中的残留浓度与毒性已降到对其中的水生生物不再有危害的水平?因此可认为该农药在稻田使用对水生生物无实际危害作用?      

水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的污染物排放研究

通过重庆某水泥厂的工业试验,测定了水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的烟气参数及污染物排放指标,分析了并行处理污泥对旋窑烟气的影响程度及各项指标之间的相关性。结果表明：①在污泥添加速率增大时,烟气流速、排气量、含氧量、空气过剩系数、HF和SO₂等排放浓度均随之增加,粉尘、NO_x排放浓度基本保持不变,HCl排放浓度下降,CO排放浓度先剧增后缓慢下降,而总烃排放浓度无明显规律;②污泥添加速率与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与排气量、含氧量与空气过剩系数、总烃浓度与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与总烃浓度呈显著正相关,污泥添加速率与HCl浓度、SO₂浓度与HCl浓度、NO_x与总烃浓度呈显著负相关;③烟气排放的污染物主要来自煤的燃烧,各指标之间的相关性主要表现为煤耗量增加而引起的连锁效应,但污泥本身在高温条件下燃烧产生的污染物较少,由污泥燃烧产生的污染物之间的相关性较小;④污泥添加速率达到2.4 t/h时,水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水处理厂污泥过程中所有指标均满足国家及相应的控制标准,但其参数优化及污染物控制极为复杂,该方法处理污泥需要进行深入研究才能在工业上应用。     

Fluoride removal performance of a novel Fe-Al-Ce trimetal oxide adsorbent

A trimetal oxide was developed as a fluoride adsorbent by coprecipitation of Fe(II), Al(III) and Ce(IV) salt solutions with a molar ratio of 1:4:1 under alkaline condition. The material retained amorphous structure and maintained relatively stable fluoride adsorption performance at calcination temperatures lower than 600 degrees C. The optimum pH range for fluoride adsorption was 6.0-6.5 and the adsorbent also showed high defluoridation ability around pH 5.5-7.0, which is preferable for actual application. A high fluoride adsorption capacity of 178 mg g(-1) was acquired under an equilibrium fluoride concentration of 84.5 mg l(-1), adsorbent dose of 150 mg l(-1) and pH 7.0. The adsorption isotherm could be better described by the two-site Langmuir model than the one-site model, suggesting the existence of two types of active sites on the adsorbent surface. Coexistence of high concentrations of phosphate or arsenate only led to partial inhibition of fluoride adsorption, which further suggests the existence of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Sulfate and chloride did not affect fluoride adsorption, and nitrate influenced it only when the concentration of NO(3)(-)-N exceeded 50 mg l(-1). A high desorption efficiency of 97% was achieved by treating fluoride loaded Fe-Al-Ce oxide with NaOH solution at pH 12.2. A column experiment using the adsorbent fabricated into 1mm pellets was performed at an initial fluoride concentration of 5.5 mg l(-1), space velocity of 5h(-1) and pH of 5.8, and 2240 bed volumes were treated with the effluent fluoride under 1.0 mg l(-1).     

一株高效降酚菌的分离鉴定及降酚特性研究

以苯酚为唯一碳源,采用逐量分批的方法从被酚类物质污染的土壤中驯化、筛选、分离降酚菌,利用形态学、培养特性、生理生化反应以及分子手段鉴定所得菌株,研究了该菌株生长与降酚的关系以及其降酚能力,并设计引物检测降酚酶基因。结果表明,获得的一株高效降酚菌GDYW-0027经鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),它的生长速率与苯酚的降解速率基本同步,48h内对高质量浓度(2.2g/L)苯酚的降解率为86.73%;在菌株GDYW-0027中检测到苯酚羟化酶及邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶基因片段,推测其采用间位开环方式打开苯环。     

Effects of combination of plant and microorganism on degradation of simazine in soil

The degradative characteristics of simazine （SIM）, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria and most probably number （MPN） of SIM degraders in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non- rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg SIM/kg soil, the half-lives of SIM in the four treated soils were measured to be 73.0, 52.9, 16.9, and 7.8 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The experimental results indicated that higher degradation rates of SIM were observed in rhizosphere soils, especially in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of SIM were closely related to microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but did little to influence those community components responsible for SIM degradation. This suggested that rhizosphere soil inoculated with microorganisms-degrading target herbicides was a useful pathway to achieve rapid degradation of the herbicides in soil.     

厕所黑水源分离及其资源化技术研究进展与展望

厕所是日常生活的基本设施,在改善人类生活环境方面发挥了重要作用。厕所黑水主要由粪便和尿液组成,含有大量有机质和氮、磷等营养物质,其源分离与资源化处理逐渐成为一个亟待解决的环境和技术问题。通过文献调研和分析,梳理了厕所黑水源分离和资源化处理的主要技术路线。围绕厕所黑水源分离,综述了厕所黑水源分离新型便器设备及其应用范围;根据粪便废水和尿液的特点,系统总结了源分离后不同废水的分类处理与资源化技术的研究进展,揭示了厕所黑水的污染控制和碳、氮、磷的有效回收是目前的根本任务;最后,根据当前的研究与工程应用现状,总结了厕所黑水源分离与资源化技术评估及绿色发展、多种技术的合理组合、集中化智慧化运行管理等方面面临的挑战,并提出相关建议。研究旨在为因地制宜推广适宜的厕所黑水源分离及资源化技术的规模化应用提供理论依据和参考。

     

基于熵权模糊物元的辽宁省生态环境承载力研究

生态环境质量的下降影响着辽宁省社会经济的可持续发展。综合分析辽宁省生态环境的特点,选取18项指标,构建辽宁省生态环境承载力的评价指标体系,并划分各评价指标的等级。从近15年中选取8年的数据作为研究对象,构建熵权模糊物元模型,计算各评价指标的客观权重,并应用加权欧式距离对这8年生态环境的承载力水平做出评价。分析评价结果可知：辽宁省近15年生态环境承载力水平从“一般”转变为“较好”,整体水平提高。结果与辽宁省实际情况相符,证明了熵权模糊物元模型在评价问题上的可行性和合理性。最后为辽宁省生态环境的可持续开发利用提供了一些建议。