污水处理行业温室气体核算模型开发及减排潜力分析

城镇污水处理行业是我国现代化进程中不可或缺的一部分,它承担着城镇污水处理和减排的重要作用,在运行过程中不可避免会产生大量的温室气体。本研究基于污水处理过程中的温室气体排放机理及排放因子法,构建了污水处理温室气体核算模型,并应用于国内典型的某厌氧—缺氧—好氧工艺的污水处理厂。研究结果表明,开发的模型能够有效识别出厌氧—缺氧—好氧工艺温室气体排放占比较高的环节,该环节为污水处理过程中电耗和污水处理过程中的甲烷排放,其在整个温室气体排放系统内占比高达93.09%。污水处理厂可以采取减小曝气量的措施使溶解氧达到2 ～ 3 mg/L,从而降低污水处理系统曝气电耗;另外,优化泵及鼓风机的运行,选用变频调速水泵等措施,可以降低污水提升环节能耗,达到温室气体间接减排的目的。污水处理厂还可以采取甲烷产能回收利用措施,将CH₄燃烧产生的能量作为污水处理系统内的能源供应,这样不仅可以有效减少污水处理厂的能耗,而且可以实现污水处理过程中温室气体排放减量化。     

太子河水系印染行业重点污染河段优先控制污染物的确定

通过对太子河水系印染行业重点污染河段-海城河三期水样的采集以及水样中有机污染物的检测分析,获取了48种有机污染物的平均浓度水平,其中浓度较高的是苯酚(28.18 μg/L)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(22.30 μg/L)和苯乙酮(8.818 μg/L)。结合流域的实际污染状况,采用"改进潜在危害指数法",对海城河检测出的有机污染物进行加权综合评分计算,按照综合分数值大小,对其进行排序,提出了44种优先控制污染物名单,其中包括酯和酞酸酯类7种、含氮杂环类7种、胺及苯胺类5种、氯苯类6种、硝基苯类5种、苯酚类7种、苯及其他取代苯类5种、多环芳烃类2种,大部分污染物与印染行业废水排放有着密切关系。     

氨基化金属有机骨架对废水中新型烟碱类农药的去除机制

为有效去除水中多种新型烟碱类农药(neonicotinoid insecticides, NNIs),通过水热法合成了氨基化金属有机骨架纳米材料(NH₂-MIL-101),结合材料的理化性质表征结果及其对NNIs的吸附性能,探究NH₂-MIL-101对水中NNIs的去除机制。结果表明：NH₂-MIL-101对6-氯烟酸、啶虫脒、噻虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪的去除率优于MIL-101,最高可达86%、92%、30%、63%、47%,且20 min内可达到吸附平衡;π-π作用和分子空间位阻的不同导致NH₂-MIL-101对不同NNIs的去除存在差异;对于不同NNIs的去除,溶液最佳pH存在差异,综合而言,在pH为3~7时去除效果较好;水中共存阴离子Cl⁻ (0~1 000 mg·L⁻¹)与${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$(0~100 mg·L⁻¹)对5种NNIs的去除效果影响不大,${\rm{HCO}}_3^ - $(0~100 mg·L⁻¹)对NNIs的去除呈现明显的抑制作用。综合上述结果,NH₂-MIL-101对NNIs的吸附符合Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型,具有良好的吸附效果,且能够重复利用5次,在NNIs的水处理中具有应用价值。     

Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

• Fuel consumption (FC) from LDPVs is measured using on-board diagnostic method (OBD). • The FC of the OBD is 7.1% lower than that of the carbon balance results. • The discrepancy between the approved FC and real-world FC is 13%±18%. • There is a strong relationship (R²=0.984) between the average speed and relative FC. An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) has been reported by several studies. Normally, real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement system. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection, is a promising fuel consumption monitoring method. Three LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system (CVS, a regulatory method) to verify the accuracy of the OBD values. The results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation (e.g., R² = 0.906-0.977). Compared with the carbon balance results, the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3% lower on average. Furthermore, the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the OBD. The results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fuel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17% higher than the type-approval-based fuel consumption. Because the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption, using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval fuel consumption. By means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods, a strong relationship (R² = 0.984) was established between the average speed and relative fuel consumption. For congested roads (average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h), the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.     

应用多元统计研究城市河流沉积物孔隙水中DOM紫外光谱特征

应用紫外-可见光吸收光谱研究白塔堡河丰水期沉积物孔隙水中水溶性有机物(DOM)的来源、结构及腐殖化程度.采集白塔堡河干流13个沉积物孔隙水样品,分析DOM紫外光谱特性,推演出9个紫外光谱指数(SUVA254、E2/E4、E4/E6、E2/E3、S275~295、S350~400、A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2),研究DOM的组成与结构特征,评价DOM的腐殖化水平.白塔堡河沉积物孔隙水中DOM组成、机构及腐殖化水平呈现沿农村河段向城镇与城市河段递变,农村河段DOM分子量大于城镇与城市河段的,农村河段的DOM分子的聚合度、芳化度、腐殖化水平高于城镇与城市河段的,而DOM中富里酸的含量沿农村河段向城镇与城市河段增加.A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2和其它6个指标呈负相关,表明DOM的腐殖化水平随着A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2的值增大而升高,而随着其它指标的增大而降低.A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2更加精确地评价DOM腐殖化水平,辨识不同采样点DOM腐殖化进程.     

Ligand effects on arsenite removal by zero-valent iron/O2: Dissolution, corrosion, oxidation and coprecipitation

Ligands may increase the yields of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zero-valent iron (ZVI)/O₂ systems. To clarify the relationship between the properties of ligands and their effects on the oxidative removal of contaminants, five common ligands (formate, acetate, oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and phosphate) as well as acetylacetone (AA) were investigated with arsenite (As(III)) as the target contaminant at three initial pH values (3.0, 5.0, and 7.0). The addition of these ligands to the ZVI/O₂ system resulted in quite different effects on As(III) removal. EDTA enhanced the oxidation of As(III) to arsenate (As(V)) but inhibited the removal of As(V). Oxalate was the only ligand in this work that accelerated both the removal of As(III) and As(V). By analyzing the ligand effects from the four aspects: dissolution of surface iron (hydr)oxides, corrosion of ZVI, reaction with ROS, and interference with precipitation, the following properties of ligands were believed to be important: ability to provide dissociable protons, complexation ability with iron, and reactivity with ROS. The complexation ability is a double-edged sword. It could enhance the generation of ROS by reducing the reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple, but also could inhibit the removal of arsenic by coprecipitation. The elucidated relationship between the key property parameters of ligands and their effects on the ZVI/O₂ system is helpful for the rational design of effective ZVI/ligand/O₂ systems.     

稻田土壤β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷酶活性对温度变化的响应特征

温度是土壤酶活性的关键非生物影响因子,调控着土壤物质周转过程.为了探究温度变化对稻田土壤有机质周转及其关键胞外酶活性的影响,设计室内培养试验,分别在5、15、25和35℃下测定亚热带稻田土壤BG（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶）活性,探究温度对土壤胞外酶活性及其与碳氮转化过程的影响特征.结果表明:稻田土壤中w（DOC）（DOC为可利用态碳）、w（NH₄+-N）和w（MBC）（MBC为微生物生物量碳）在5~25℃下随着培养时间的增加而降低.在第15天时BG活性达到306.57~437.75 nmol/（g·h）,并随温度的增加表现为先增后减,在第3、75天时,25℃下BG活性为184.46~207.60 nmol/（g·h）.土壤酶活性的Q₁₀（温度敏感性）在15℃升至25℃时表现出正响应（Q₁₀=1.5）,而在5~15℃和25~35℃时Q₁₀ < 1,表现为消除效应.土壤酶活性的变化是多因素共同影响的结果,温度作为关键影响因子,升温显著改变了土壤中w（DOC）、w（NH₄+-N）、w（MBC）、w（MBN）（MBN为微生物生物量氮）,进而影响土壤BG活性;土壤中w（MBC）对BG活性具有直接的显著负影响作用.研究显示,对参与稻田土壤碳转化BG酶活性的温度敏感性及其与土壤关键理化因子之间的耦合关系进行量化,有助于深入开展水稻土碳循环及其调控机制研究.      

中国生态修复成效评估方法研究

目前已有很多的生境、自然资源以及水质修复措施被开发出来,而生态修复后的监测、成效评估等研究内容相对较少。在分析国内外生态修复概念的研究进展基础上,从生态修复目标、评价指标体系、评估方法以及数据获取方法等4个方面对生态修复后的效果评估的当前研究进行了分析,探讨了国内现有研究中存在的问题,指出应加强生态修复成效评估的理论和方法研究,并对今后中国生态修复成效评估研究进行了展望。     

宁夏再生资源回收利用现状、存在问题和对策

宁夏地区再生资源的回收利用,对推动当地循环经济的发展和环境保护起着非常重要的作用。通过实地调查研究,分析了宁夏再生资源回收利用行业的现状、特点及问题,并提出了发展当地再生资源回收利用行业的对策和建议。