超声协同TiO_2光催化降解4,4′-二溴联苯

以纳米TiO2膜为光催化剂,对4,4′-二溴联苯水溶液进行了超声光催化(US+UV)、光催化(UV)和超声(US)降解,探讨了初始浓度、超声的声强和频率等对降解4,4′-二溴联苯的影响。结果表明,4,4′-二溴联苯的超声光催化降解存在协同效应,降解率随4,4′-二溴联苯初始浓度的增大而下降,随声强和频率的增大而增大。超声光催化过程符合一级动力学方程,反应数率常数为0.011 min-1。超声光催化与光催化的降解产物不同。     

微生物燃料电池法测BOD影响因素研究

以双室无介体微生物燃料电池构建了BOD检测系统,研究了阴极流量、有机物浓度(BOD)及阳极流量的变化对系统响应信号(电池电压)的影响,并考察了系统响应信号与BOD浓度的对应关系。结果表明:阴极流量在1.5～5mL/min时,阴极流量变化对响应信号具有显著的影响,且响应信号随阴极流量增大而增大;当阴极流量由5 mL/min增加到10 mL/min时,阴极流量变化对响应信号影响不显著。BOD浓度在10～150 mg/L时,响应信号随底物浓度增加而升高,而BOD浓度大于150 mg/L时,BOD浓度变化对响应信号没有显著影响。当BOD浓度较高时,阳极流量变化对响应信号影响不大,但当BOD浓度较低时,阳极流量变化对响应信号有显著影响,且响应信号随阳极流量增大而增加。电池稳态电压与BOD浓度在10～150 mg/L范围内成指数衰减关系,而电池电压的初始变化速率与BOD浓度在50～200 mg/L范围有线性响应。     

Abnormal glucose regulation in pyrethroid pesticide factory workers

The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between pyrethroids occupational exposures, and risk of abnormal glucose regulation. Data from total of 3080 subjects in two pesticide factories were used. This was a population-based case-controlled study in China. In total, 18.3% of subjects with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and 6.5% of subjects with diabetes, and the prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation was 24.8%, 86 subjects had known type 2 diabetes and 114 had newly diagnosed diabetes. The prevalence of subjects with abnormal glucose regulation increased from 21.3% in the controls to 29.3% in the exposures (χ² = 33.182, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression was used to control potential confounders and calculate odd ratios as the estimate of effect. An indication of increased risk for abnormal glucose regulation was noted for exposure to pyrethroids (OR = 1.482, 95%CI = 1.238-1.774). Abnormal glucose regulation is common in subjects exposed to pyrethroids. The present investigation indicates the adverse health effects of pyrethroids are underestimated.     

保护地球环境

1972年联合国在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩召开了有113个国家参加的联合国人类环境会议。会议讨论了保护全球环境的行动计划,通过了《人类环境宣言》。会议建议联合国大会将这次会议开幕的6月5日定为“世界环境保护日”。同年10月联合国大会第27届会议接受并通过了这一建议。每年的6月5日,世界各国都开展群众性的环境保护宣传纪念活动,以唤起全世界人民都来注意保护人类赖以生存的环境,自觉采取行动参与环境保护的共同努力,同时要求各国政府和联合国系统为推进环境保护进程做出贡献。     

基于神经网络的温度预测

室内温度与诸多影响因素之间的非线性、复杂性等关系 ,给建模、预测带来了难度 ,引入了人工神经网络 ;利用人工神经网络的非线性、并行计算和自学习特性进行建模 ,实现了对温度模拟     

典型污灌区水体中有机氯农药分布及来源分析

在干旱与半干旱地区,工业废水和生活污水灌溉农田作为一种有效的资源一直被广泛利用,但污水中有害成分也对灌区生态环境造成了很大影响。文章以太原小店污灌区为例,根据灌区灌渠和地下水流场分布,分别采集地表水样10个和地下水样20个,利用液液萃取-气相色谱法分析水样中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量。研究结果表明,地表水中OCPs浓度范围为32.21~671.82 ng/L(均值为184.21ng/L);所有地下水中OCPs浓度均未超过《地下水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准,浓度范围为9.44~84.01 ng/L;污水回灌对地下水中OCPs分布具有一定的影响,不同灌溉方式区域中OCPs浓度依次为:污灌区清灌区背景点;经过污染物源解析,研究区水环境中,OCPs中滴滴涕主要来源于历史残留,六六六主要来源于林丹的近期使用。     

典型河谷城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露风险

为定量评价河谷型城市土壤与灰尘铅对城市儿童健康的影响与风险,结合野外调查的基础上,以陕西渭河谷地典型工业城市宝鸡、西安、渭南和铜川为研究区域,以定量分析河谷型城市儿童环境铅暴露为核心,收集4个城市土壤与灰尘分析样品总计243个。利用X射线荧光光谱法测定了4个城市土壤与灰尘铅的含量;采用BCR连续形态分级法探究了城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅地球化学形态分布与迁移特征;根据US EPA污染物暴露与健康风险评价模型对城市儿童铅暴露进行了评价。研究结果表明渭河谷地典型城市宝鸡、铜川、西安和渭南城市土壤与灰尘铅浓度(X±SD)分别为(409.2±52.54)和(624.70±66.15)mg·kg-1、(357.47±41.37)和(592.60±36.78)mg·kg-1、(61.4±13.31)和(78.42±14.89)mg·kg-1、(46.71±12.11)和(64.7±13.76)mg·kg-1,均高出陕西省土壤铅背景值;污染水平依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。4个河谷型城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅发生整体迁移的趋势为:宝鸡城市灰尘(90.71%)西安城市灰尘(84.74%)≥宝鸡城市土壤(83.12%)渭南城市灰尘(74.89%)≥西安城市土壤(74.50%)铜川城市灰尘(72.49%)铜川城市土壤(57.50%)渭南城市土壤(53.79%)。可见,铅在均在城市灰尘中的迁移趋势远大于相应的城市土壤。4个城市土壤与灰尘均表现出较大的儿童暴露致癌风险,宝鸡和铜川城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露也分别存在非致癌风险,风险程度依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。儿童铅暴露致癌与非致癌风险程度与其城市土壤和灰尘中铅可氧化态分布呈相似的规律,表明碱性的城市土壤与城市灰尘(p H7)中可氧化态铅可能是导致河谷型城市儿童铅暴露风险和儿童血铅污染的主要形态和因素。由此,城市燃煤排放与含铅制品的加工等活动可能是渭河谷地河谷型城市儿童血铅与铅暴露最主要的贡献源,必须采取长期有效的监测与控制措施。     

官厅水库上游区域面源型氮磷污染特征

官厅水库是北京市重要的地表水源之一.通过对官厅水库上游区域代表性地表水和沉积物的氮磷含量调查,以及对两个典型地块进行了模拟地表径流的降雨试验,研究了官厅水库上游区域面源型氮磷污染特征.结果表明:官厅水库上游区域大部分的地表水中氮/磷浓度高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中地表水V类水标准限值,地表径...     

Novel Co-Mg-Al-Ti-O catalyst derived from hydrotalcite-like compound for NO storage/decomposition

Catalysts of Co_1.5Mg_1.5/Al_0.9Ti_0.1O and Co_1.5Mg_1.5/AlO were successfully prepared by calcinations of corresponding hydrotalcite-like compounds at 800℃ for 4 hr. The derived oxides were of spinel phase and a small quantity of Ti substitution did not change the crystal purity. Their catalytic performance for the NO storage/decomposition was investigated. Ti incorporation enhanced the NO decomposition activity while has an opposite effect on the storage capacity of catalyst. In situ FT-IR spectra of the catalysts showed that the final adsorption species on the catalysts was coordinated nitrates/nitrites. In addition, NO storage/decomposition mechanism has been discussed on the basis of these observations.     

Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn

The significant warming in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global warming and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in warmed environment. Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide during the transition period from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE (negative for uptake) under soil warming treatment (temperature was about 5℃ higher than the ambient treatment as a control) was -0.71 μmol/(m².sec), the ecosytem was a CO₂ sink under soil warming treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO₂ source (0.13 μmol/(m².sec)), indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global warming. There was no significant effect of soil warming on nocturnal NEE (i.e., ecosystem respiration), although the soil temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of ecosystem respiration under soil warming treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control (7.03). The CO₂ uptake was significantly increased by soil warming treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of α (apparent quantum yield) and A_max (maximum rate of photosynthesis). Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global warming than respiration in the transition period.