环境中有机污染物的半导体光催化降解研究进展

应用半导体二氧化钛光催化剂促进氧化降解环境中常见有机污染物是一种有效的清洁处理技术,对光催化活性的半导体的必要性质,影响光催化效率的内在因素以及反应器,反应条件等方面的因素进行了讨论。     

钼矿区选矿场周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

以葫芦岛市钼矿区为例,分析钼矿区选矿场周边农田土壤重金属污染状况并对其污染现况进行评价.选择选矿场周边受污染农田土壤样本20个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量并进行评价.结果表明:钼矿区选矿厂周边农田土壤重金属Nemerow综合指数8.46,综合评价结果为该区土壤已受严重污染;主要污染物为Cd、Cr、Hg、Zn,并伴有Ni、Cu污染;选矿厂周边农田土壤重金属元素全量中化学形态分布为:残余态＞有机结合态＞氧化结合态＞酸可提取态;农田酸可提取态、氧化结合态、有机结合态三种形态的重金属可能来源于不同外援污染;重金属Hg的有效态比例较大,可能会影响农作物的正常生长;钼矿区选矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染除来源于污染地下水的浇灌,还来源于大气降尘、汽车尾气以及矿物运输过程中矿石的遗落.     

Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau

Understanding how the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of arid and semiarid ecosystems of the world responds to variations in precipitation is crucial for assessing the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Rain-use efficiency (RUE) is an important measure for acquiring this understanding. However, little is known about the response pattern of RUE for the largest contiguous natural grassland region of the world, the Eurasian Steppe. Here we investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of ANPP and RUE and their key driving factors based on a long-term data set from 21 natural arid and semiarid ecosystem sites across the Inner Mongolia steppe region in northern China. Our results showed that, with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP), (1) ANPP increased while the interannual variability of ANPP declined, (2) plant species richness increased and the relative abundance of key functional groups shifted predictably, and (3) RUE increased in space across different ecosystems but decreased with increasing annual precipitation within a given ecosystem. These results clearly indicate that the patterns of both ANPP and RUE are scale dependent, and the seemingly conflicting patterns of RUE in space vs. time suggest distinctive underlying mechanisms, involving interactions among precipitation, soil N, and biotic factors. Also, while our results supported the existence of a common maximum RUE, they also indicated that its value could be substantially increased by altering resource availability, such as adding nitrogen. Our findings have important implications for understanding and predicting ecological impacts of global climate change and for management practices in arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Inner Mongolia steppe region and beyond.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰及其稳定化产物的长期浸出行为

采用柱浸出实验方法,考察了飞灰、磷酸盐稳定和自然老化稳定后飞灰的长期浸出特性.结果表明:灰样浸出液的pH值从初始的较低值快速上升到较高值后趋于稳定,3种飞灰都有较强的酸中和能力;Ca的浸出浓度远高于Pb,Cd,Zn,Cr和Ni等重金属,在浸出初期甚至达到100g·1-1以上;重金属均呈现初期快速溶出的现象;对比稳定化处理前后飞灰的柱浸出实验结果,表明磷酸盐稳定及自然老化稳定后飞灰具有更好的长期稳定性;对比柱浸出实验和国标GB5086.1-199r7的浸出结果,表明后者可能低估了稳定后飞灰处置初期重金属的浸出风险     

A process-based model designed for filling of large data gaps in tower-based measurements of net ecosystem productivity

In this paper we present a simple hybrid gap-filling model (GFM) designed with a minimum number of parameters necessary to capture the ecological processes important for filling medium-to-large gaps in Flux data. As the model is process-based, the model has potential to be used in filling large gaps exhibiting a broad range of micro-meteorological and site conditions. The GFM performance was evaluated using “Punch hole” and extrapolation experiments based on data collected in west-central New Brunswick. These experiments indicated that the GFM is able to provide acceptable results (r² > 0.80) when >500 data points are used in model parameterization. The GFM was shown to address daytime evolution of NEP reasonably well for a wide range of weather and site conditions. An analysis of residuals indicated that for the most part no obvious trends were evident; although a slight bias was detected in NEP with soil temperature. To explore the portability of the GFM across ecosystem types, a transcontinental validation was conducted using NEP and ancillary data from seven ecosystems along a north-south transect (i.e., temperature–moisture gradient) from northern Europe (Finland) to the Middle East (Israel). The GFM was shown to explain over 75% of the variability in NEP measured at most ecosystems, which strongly suggests that the GFM maybe successfully applied to forest ecosystems outside Canada.     

Soil biological characteristic,nutrient contents and stoichiometry as affected by different types of remediation in a smelter-impacted soil

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the ecological risk reductions of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) and the change of nutrient contents and stoichiometry in a smelter-impacted farmland in Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, with ～ 800?mg Cu kg^?1 soil and 0.8?mg Cd kg^?1 soil, an three years in situ experiment was conducted. The field trial consisted of 4 ×?5?m plots in a completely randomised block design. Hydroxyapatite was added at 10?g kg^?1 soil and Sedum plumbizincicola, Elsholtzia splendens, and Pennisetum sp. were planted. Post-treatment soil and plant samples were collected annually and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, soil carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P), and the stoichiometries of soil β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and acid phosphatase (AP) activity levels. The results indicated that the hydroxyapatite treatments significantly reduced Cu and Cd bioaccessibility as well as the ratio of C:P and N:P. Moreover, BG, NAG, and AP activity levels all increased relative to those in untreated soil. Plants may also influence soil BG, NAG, and AP activity. This study demonstrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by hydroxyapatite and phytoextraction is ecologically safe and can alter soil mineral nutrient ecological stoichiometry and enzyme activity.     

应用贝叶斯理论的河流污染源重建探讨

为深入了解河流中有毒有害物质事故性污染的污染源、污染物质扩散等情况,通过MATLAB实现了河流中污染物质一维扩散模型的差分解法.该扩散模型可用于模拟1个或多个瞬时点源、持续稳定点源和持续变化点源情况下,河流中污染物质浓度随时间的变化,具有一定准确度.根据贝叶斯理论,结合扩散模型和监测数据估计污染源的位置和强度,并采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法进行后验推断,以解决贝叶斯模型计算复杂的问题.已知污染源情况下,可采用本文给出的扩散模型模拟河流下游污染物质浓度随时间的变化;污染源未知而拥有一定监测数据情况下,则可以采用本文提出的河流污染源重建技术估计污染源的位置、强度等.     

浅埋暗挖隧道施工对临近建筑物变形的影响及加固措施

随着城市经济和建设的发展,大量隧道和地铁开始修建,浅埋暗挖已经成为主要施工方法,但在施工过程中必然会引起地面周围建筑物的变形,因此如何保护沿线建筑物的安全已经成为城市隧道工程中亟待解决的问题.基于胶州湾湾口海底隧道接线端工程在施工中下穿多栋高层建筑的实际问题,分析了隧道施工对建筑物的影响机理及隧道开挖引起建筑物的变形特征,采用有限元法进行动态施工模拟,同时加强现场监控量测,做到信息反馈指导施工.研究表明,在复杂岩石地基开洞工程中,科学合理地分析临近建筑物与隧道的相互影响,采取的施工方法及加固措施合适,则隧道开挖对临近建筑物沉降与倾斜变形均可以满足现行控制标准,可为依托工程的顺利实施提供重要指导及可靠保证.研究结果可估算实际工程中的隧道开挖对周围建筑造成的不均匀沉降量及倾斜,对以后类似工程有实用价值.     

安全生产责任的制度整合与伦理道德建设

在分析安全生产责任危机含义和安全生产责任概念基础上,指明安全生产责任体系的"四要素",即道德责任、政治责任、法律责任与管理责任,重点阐明道德责任是该体系的基础要素及其意义。根据对我国现有安全生产责任制度的分析,提出一个关于安全生产责任制度建设的伦理框架:强化安全生产责任意识;用人权伦理原则对安全生产责任制度伦理化;以特定的安全生产责任的伦理规范和准则构建责任规则系统;强化责任主体道德素质培养与监察制度建设,促使其自觉履行好自身应负的安全生产责任。总之,该理论框架为安全生产责任制度建立提供一个新的伦理学基础。     

沉积物中颗粒态镉的赋存形态对文蛤富集效性的影响

利用颗粒物悬浮系统研究了沉积物中Cd的特定赋存形态(如氢氧化铁结合态、氢氧化铝结合态、二氧化锰结合态)对其在文蛤体内富集速率的影响.结果表明,结合于沉积物中不同组分Cd的生物有效性存在明显差异.在Cd浓度为70 mg/kg时,22 d富集实验中氢氧化铁结合态和氢氧化铝结合态Cd在文蛤体内均没有明显的积累,而二氧化锰结合态Cd在文蛤体内有明显的富集,其富集速率为(0.009 4±0.001 0)μg/(g.d)(r2=0.853 9,p0.000 1).在Cd浓度为140 mg/kg时,氢氧化铁结合态Cd仍然无法被文蛤吸收,氢氧化铝和二氧化锰结合态Cd则可以被文蛤富集,其富集速率分别为(0.016 6±0.001 7)μg/(g.d)和(0.024 8±0.001 7)μg/(g.d).不同赋存形态Cd的生物有效性表现为:Cd-MnO2Cd-Al(OH)3Cd-Fe(OH)3.对于不同赋存形态的Cd,吸收效率(AE)和摄食率(IR)的差异导致了其生物有效性的不同.