O3与异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯反应速率常数的测定

利用搭建的流动反应系统研究了两种生物源排放的挥发性有机物异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯与O3的反应动力学.实验采用绝对速率法,以保证异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯浓度远远高于臭氧浓度,在准一级实验条件下获得反应的速率常数信息.首先,利用该装置测得了臭氧与异戊二烯和α-蒎烯的反应速率常数,发现其与文献报道值在误差范围内非常吻合,验证了实验装置和实验方法的可靠性.进而实验测定了298 K和1.01×105Pa条件下异戊酸叶醇酯和己酸叶醇酯与O3的气相反应速率常数,分别为(1.78±0.24)×10-16和(1.54±0.18)×10-16cm3·molecule-1·s-1.利用测得的速率常数和大气中臭氧浓度,估算得到两种叶醇酯与臭氧反应的大气寿命约在2 h甚至更短,说明与臭氧的反应是它们在大气中的一种非常重要的消除途径,尤其是在污染严重地区.     

无机硅叶面肥及土壤调理剂对水稻铅、镉吸收的影响

喷施叶面阻控剂和施用土壤调理剂是目前污染稻田治理的主要措施,针对不同污染类型、污染程度稻田研发效果较好的叶面阻控剂及土壤调理剂是研究重点。文章通过2019年的田间试验研究无机硅叶面肥及土壤调理剂对中重度铅镉复合污染稻田水稻铅镉阻控效果。共设3个处理:常规施肥处理(CK)、常规施肥+喷施无机硅叶面肥处理(L-Si)、常规施肥+施用无机硅土壤调理剂处理(S-Si)。结果表明:L-Si处理土壤中铅质量分数较对照(116.00±4.35)mg·kg-1高18.97%;S-Si处理较对照(5.51±0.06)能够显著提高稻田土壤pH值0.73,土壤中铅和镉分别较对照(116.00±4.35)、(1.89±0.03)mg·kg-1高12.07%和14.81%。L-Si处理下铅在根、叶片、稻米中富集较对照分别减少11.69%、12.40%和38.46%;镉在叶片、稻壳、稻米中较对照显著减少了18.10%、5.84%和40.84%。而S-Si处理中铅在根、茎、叶、稻壳、稻米中富集量较对照显著减少11.69%、36.93%、15.16%、23.47%和51.28%;镉在根、茎、叶、稻壳、稻米中富集量显著降低12.93%、42.28%、61.75%、59.85%和49.21%。L-Si及S-Si处理水稻产量较对照(7052.27±95.07)kg·hm^-2分别提高3.24%和4.09%。综上所述,无机硅经叶面吸收后,在减少叶片中铅富集的同时减少了根系对土壤铅的吸收,将经根系吸收的铅富集于茎和稻壳中;而在减少叶片中镉富集的同时并未减少根系对镉吸收,将经根系吸收的镉富集于根和茎中。无机硅土壤调理剂在将土壤中铅和镉固定于土壤中的同时阻隔了水稻根系对铅和镉下吸收,因此水稻根、茎、叶、稻壳、稻米中铅和镉的含量均显著降低。     

Extraction of Sudan dyes from environmental water by hemimicelles-based magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles

A novel method for the extraction of Sudan dyes including Sudan I, II, III, and IV from environmental water by magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@TiO₂) coated with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as adsorbent was reported. Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ was synthesized by a simple method and was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The magnetic separation was quite efficient for the adsorption and desorption of Sudan dyes. The effect of the amount of SDS, extraction time, pH, desorption condition, maximal extraction volume, and humic acid on the extraction process were investigated. This method was employed to analyze three environmental water samples. The results demonstrated that our proposed method had wide linear range (25–5,000 ng L^?1) with a good linearity (R ²?>?0.999) and low detection limits (2.9–7.3 ng L^?1). An enrichment factor of 1,000 was achieved. In all three spiked levels (25, 250, and 2,500 ng L^?1), the recoveries of Sudan dyes were in the range of 86.9–93.6 %. The relative standard deviations obtained were ranging from 2.5 to 9.3 %. That is to say, the new method was fast and effective for the extraction of Sudan dye from environmental water.     

An approach to determining functional parameters of microperiphyton fauna in colonization surveys for marine bioassessment based on rarefaction curves

The functional parameters, i.e., the estimated equilibrium species number (S _eq ), the colonization rate constant, and the time taken to reach 90 % of S _eq (T ₉₀ ), of microperiphyton fauna have been widely used to determine the water quality status in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this investigation was to develop a protocol for determining functional parameters of microperiphyton fauna in colonization surveys for marine bioassessment based on rarefaction and regression analyses. The temporal dynamics in species richness of microperiphyton fauna during the colonization period was analyzed based on a dataset of periphytic ciliates in Chinese coastal waters of the Yellow Sea. The results showed that (1) based on observed species richness and estimated maximum species numbers, a total of 16 glass slides were required in order to achieve coefficients of variation of <5 % in the functional parameters; (2) the rarefied average species richness and functional parameters showed weak sensitivity to sampling effort; (3) the temporal variations in average species richness were well-fitted to the MacArthur-Wilson model; and (4) the sampling effort of ~8 glass slides was sufficient to achieve coefficients of variation of <5 % in equilibrium average species number (AvS _eq ), colonization rate (AvG), and the time to reach 90 % of AvS _eq (AvT ₉₀ ) based on the average species richness. The findings suggest that the AvS _eq , AvG, and AvT ₉₀ values based on rarefied average species richness of microperiphyton might be used as reliable ecological indicators for the bioassessment of marine water quality in coastal habitats.     

区域大气污染防治特护期实施方案效果评估

为了科学评估区域大气污染防治特护期实施方案对空气质量的改善效果,帮助管理部门更好地制定缓解大气污染问题的政策和方法,该研究以《长株潭大气污染防治特护期实施方案》为例,结合长株潭区域实际空气质量状况,利用断点回归设计方法对特护期空气质量响应效果进行了评估。结果表明,该方案的执行对长株潭区域空气质量指数AQI以及PM_2.5、SO₂日均浓度的降低都产生了显著的效果;而对于O₃-8 h、PM₁₀、NO₂这3种空气污染物浓度降低的影响效果并不显著;另外增加了CO的日均浓度,只是效应不显著。这说明特护期政策的实施对不同污染物减排效果不同。特护期政策应予以推广,同时应该增加CO减排配套措施。最后,文章为环境政策的制定和实施提出了相关建议。     

热处理对土壤重金属形态的影响及健康风险

为探究土壤热修复后的土壤重金属形态以及健康风险的变化,以退役电镀企业地块的污染土壤为研究目标,分别在200、400和600 ℃下处理土壤15 min,以分析热处理对土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Ni和Cd赋存形态的影响、生物可给性变化以及重金属人体健康风险的差异。结果表明,经热处理后,土壤Cu、Pb和Ni的酸可提取态增加,增加了胃肠阶段的生物可给性,而Cd酸可提取态减少,生物可给性降低。在基于生物可给性的风险评估中,热处理会增加Cu、Pb和Ni的健康风险,在600 ℃处理下,Pb对儿童的危害商从0.41增加至3.70,Cd的健康风险无显著性差异。本研究结果可为场地土壤热处理后的重金属健康风险及生态效应评估提供参考。     

Concentrations and inhalation risk assessment of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The concentrations of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian, China, were monitored from March to October 2010 and...     

Tripolyphosphate-assisted electro-Fenton process for coking wastewater treatment at neutral pH

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The first application of a novel electro-Fenton (EF) for coking wastewater (CW) treatment at the original pH (6.80) by using tripolyphosphate (TPP)...     

中国城市公园灰尘的重金属空间分布特征及其影响因素

通过收集公开发表的中国城市公园灰尘重金属数据,分析公园灰尘中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pd、Ni和Cd等6种元素的空间分布特征及富集状况,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果 表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd等4种重金属含量的空间分布具有相似性,东部地区为高值区,东北地区和西北地区为低值区;Pb和Ni具有相似的空间分布特征,东部和中部地...