Transition to Lead-Free Products in the US Electronics Industry: A Model of Environmental,Technical, and Economic Preferences

The European Union’s Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances (Directive 2002/95/EC) targeted at electronic products took effect in 2006. In contrast, the USA has no comparable national policy on these products. To understand corporate responses to policy differences across jurisdictions, we conducted a structured-questionnaire survey of individuals in 109 companies that are representative of the US electronics industry. The results reveal that 70% of these companies have already adopted lead-free solder for electronics with 49% of the total preferring the SnAgCu formulation, despite uncertainties associated with environmental impacts of this alternative alloy. We use a modified life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling approach to derive weighting factors that represent the respondents’ value system for tradeoffs among environmental impacts. We use a modified fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution approach to evaluate technical criteria dominance in declared preferences. A statistical model of corporate behavior is also presented. The results provide the first systematic framework that accounts for environmental impact, technological challenge, and business strategy concurrently toward formulating a comprehensive national policy for materials selection in electronic products.     

盐酸掺杂聚苯胺纤维对铅离子的吸附性能研究

制备了盐酸掺杂聚苯胺纤维,采用SEM、IR对其结构与形貌进行了表征。考察了该新型吸附剂对P2+b的吸附性能。并探讨了盐酸掺杂聚苯胺纤维对P2+b的吸附机理,获得相关热力学参数,表明盐酸掺杂聚苯胺纤维对P2+b去除效果良好,是一种很有应用前景的水处理剂。     

超声波辅助壳聚糖/零价纳米铁降解酸性品红

用液相还原法制备的壳聚糖/零价纳米铁处理废水中染料——酸性品红,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)等不同表征手段对颗粒物进行晶体结构、形貌与尺寸表征分析.结果发现,壳聚糖可与纳米铁形成稳定的包裹体,从而降低了纳米铁的团聚性并提高了纳米铁的反应性能及抗氧化性.在超声波辅助下,发现壳聚糖稳定纳米铁粒子对酸性品红有降解作用,置于空气中65 d后壳聚糖稳定纳米铁仍具有反应活性.在25℃、壳聚糖稳定纳米铁投加量0.4 g·L-1、溶液pH =4.96、酸性品红初始浓度100 mg·L-1的条件下,反应20 min内对酸性品红的脱色率超过99％,其降解过程符合表观一级反应动力学规律,反应的活化能为55.34kJ·mol-1,说明降解过程是化学控制过程.     

雌二醇、壬基酚和三丁基锡对草金鱼血浆卵黄蛋白原含量的联合效应

雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)是生物合成的天然雌激素,壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)则是人工合成的环境拟雌激素和环境抗雌激素,这3种污染物在自然水体中均广泛分布,给多种水生生物的健康造成威胁,然而其共同存在下的联合效应尚不明确.本文以草金鱼(Carassius auratus)为受试生物,以鱼体血浆中卵黄蛋白原浓度为观测指标,研究雌二醇和壬基酚的雌激素活性及三丁基锡的抗雌激素活性.在单独暴露实验的基础上,研究3种污染物两两联合及三者联合条件下对雄性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原的联合诱导效应.结果表明,雌二醇和壬基酚均能显著诱导雄性草金鱼合成卵黄蛋白原,三丁基锡对雄性和雌性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原含量均无显著影响.雌二醇和壬基酚共暴露时,壬基酚能促进雌二醇的雌激素效应;雌二醇与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者可抑制雌二醇的雌激素效应;3种污染物共同暴露时,三丁基锡也表现为抗雌激素效应.但壬基酚与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者未能抑制壬基酚的雌激素效应.上述结果表明天然雌激素、拟雌激素和抗雌激素之间存在复杂的联合效应,拟雌激素和抗雌激素的毒性效应并非简单地相互抵消,因此在生态风险评价时需全面评估不同类型环境雌激素之间的复合效应.     

中原油田复杂采出水“微生物+膜”处理研究及现场试验

针对中原油田东濮老区采出水成分复杂、处理安全环保压力大的现状,为解决现有水处理工艺药剂用量、污泥残渣产生量大、处理成本高的难题,采用微生物活性污泥法,同时配套管式纤维超滤膜,开展"微生物活性污泥+膜过滤"水处理技术。通过将筛选出的适应中原油田污水复杂水质特性的最优微生物菌群投放至微生物反应池,集成管式超滤膜装置,在污水处理站开展"微生物活性污泥+膜过滤"处理技术现场试验。现场试验表明,采用该工艺处理油田污水,出水悬浮物(SS)、含油量、悬浮物颗粒粒径中值、平均腐蚀速率、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)等各项指标均达到SY/T5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》回注标准;同时污泥产出量和处理成本较原处理工艺降低,实现了油田绿色环保可持续发展的目的。     

绿色合成纳米铁镍去除水中Cr（VI）的动力学及机理

利用桉树叶提取液制备铁镍纳米颗粒（Fe/Ni NPs）,并将其用于去除水中六价铬（Cr（VI））.扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线光谱（SEM-EDS）分析表明Fe/Ni NPs与Cr（VI）之间发生了相互作用,但反应前后Ni的含量几乎没有变化. X射线光电子能谱（XPS）则表明反应后材料表面存在三价铬（Cr（Ⅲ））.循环伏安曲线证明Fe NPs与Cr（VI）反应有还原峰出现,Ni的掺杂加速了吸附剂与吸附质间的电子转移.吸附动力学模型拟合结果表明,Fe/Ni NPs吸附Cr（VI）的过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明吸附过程主要是化学控制的.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型 拟合结果表明,反应速度由液膜扩散和内扩散共同控制.还原动力学很好地符合准一级动力学过程.反应活化能E_a为41.137 kJ·mol^-1,表明 Fe/Ni NPs对Cr（VI）的吸附和催化还原过程主要由化学反应控制.     

Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.     

辽河流域高氟地区氟对人体健康的影响

研究了辽河流域高氟地区土壤、作物、饮用水中氟含量,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对辽河流域高氟地区饮用水中氟所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。研究表明：研究区饮用水中氟质量浓度为0．70—4．51mg·L^-1;白菜根土中氟质量分数为182—484mg·kg^-1,萝卜根土质量分数为182～352mg·kg^-1,玉米根土中氟质量分数为209～1254mg·kg^-1;白菜可食部分氟质量分数为0．51～2．96mg·kg^-1,萝卜可食部分氟质量分数为0．34～0．50mg·kg^-1,玉米果实部分氟质量分数为0．88～1．04mg·kg^-1。通过饮用水、食物途径所致健康风险中,食人途径、饮用水途径非致癌物年健康风险分别为1．920×10^-9·a^-1,1．960×10^-8·a^-1,均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10^-5·a^-1）。     

基于秀丽隐杆线虫的微量水样环境毒理学研究

目前,环境水样个体水平的毒理学检测成本较高、耗时长,且检测后的水样若处理不当易造成环境的二次污染。通过使用易于培养和观察、个体微小的模式生物—秀丽隐杆线虫作为实验对象,利用毛细玻璃管的虹吸原理将线虫暴露于微量的环境水样进行染毒培养,实现微量水样在个体水平的毒理学评价。为了验证该方法的可行性,检测了暴露组线虫与对照组线虫的生殖腺细胞损伤水平、活性氧自由基(ROS)产生量、氧化应激水平、脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)损伤水平等生物终点的差异性。研究结果有助于为微量环境水样在个体水平的毒理学分析提供一种快速、可行、廉价的评价手段。