城市给水厂污泥对污水中磷的动态吸附

以城市给水厂污泥为原料,制备了2种不同粒径的颗粒状吸附剂,探讨了这2种颗粒吸附剂不同应用方式动态吸附初沉池水中磷的效果,并对吸附的影响因素进行了探究。结果表明,在使用2 mm粒径的吸附剂进行动态吸附时,在颗粒投加量固液比为20 g·L~(-1)的条件下,运行8 h后,出水磷浓度最低,总磷、可溶性总磷、可溶性活性磷酸盐的出水浓度分别可达到1.52、0.27、0.16 mg·L~(-1)。干化大颗粒的固定床吸附实验结果表明,空床停留时间应控制在30 min左右,有效滤层高度为11.5 cm,滤柱连续运行前80 h,对初沉池水有良好的处理效果,为该吸附剂投入使用提供了初步依据。对给水厂污泥颗粒吸附剂进行了技术经济分析,得出颗粒吸附剂理论上处理初沉池水所需药剂费用为0.021 2元·t~(-1),具有较高的经济效益。以上结果可为给水厂的污泥在实际生产中的应用提供参考。     

Humic Acids from Endemic Arsenicosis Areas in Inner Mongolia and from the Blackfoot-Disease Areas in Taiwan: A Comparative Study

The physical and chemical properties of humic acids (HA) extracted from drinking waters from the endemic arsenicosis areas in Inner Mongolia and from the Blackfoot disease (BD) areas in Taiwan are studied by using AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectrometry), IR (Infrared spectroscopy), FR (fluorescence spectrometry) and TLS (total luminescence spectroscopy) in order to shed light on the pathogenesis of BD with the concern as to whether the disease may eventually occur in arsenicosis-affected areas in the Mainland of China. Ames test and lipid peroxidation experiments were also conducted on these HA samples. It is found that water samples from the two regions are high in arsenic (As) with strong fluorescence and apparent positive correlations between As content, fluorescence, pH and total dissolved solids (TDS). The water samples are similar in fluorescence spectra but differ somewhat in IR and TLS between the two regions. The difference may be a reflection of the difference in radicals and structure of the HA owing to different hydrogeological conditions, and may also be related to the difference in their biological effects, i.e., HA from Inner Mongolia have a stronger ability to cause lipid peroxidation while HA from Taiwan exhibits a more prominent effect of mutation with respect to TA98(±S9).     

加油站地下水特征污染物监测研究

以油品组分剖析为基础,以污染物危害性及潜在危害性为主要筛选原则,通过吹扫捕集—气质联用法测定了人工配制污染水样和加油站水样,筛选甲基叔丁基醚、苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和萘为加油站地下水特征污染物。     

灵山风景区空气质量分析评价

随着灵山风景区旅游业的蓬勃发展,景区空气质量备受关注。根据灵山风景区景点的水平分布及高度落差,选取了11个具有代表性的采样点,从2010年3月至2011年1月进行空气质量连续监测。结果表明:灵山风景区的空气质量整体较好;焚香点的空气质量明显低于其他景点;客流量是影响景区空气质量的主要因素之一。在环境监测的基础上,采用改进的灰色聚类法对景区内各采样点进行空气质量评价,发现除百子戏弥勒、祥符禅寺、大佛3个采样点的空气质量为国家二级,其余采样点的空气质量均达到国家一级标准。辅以SPSS分析,发现空气质量等级与TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度之间显著相关,说明颗粒物对空气质量等级的影响较之SO₂、NO₂更大。     

闽江河口不同湿地近地气层中H2S浓度日变化特征

2020年11月,选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地及二者空间扩展形成的交错带湿地为研究对象,探讨了不同湿地近地气层中主要含硫气体（H₂S）浓度的日变化特征.结果表明,3种湿地不同高度的H₂S浓度均呈现出不同的日变化特征,其值均在白天（9:00—18:00）较高且变幅较大,而在夜间（18:00—次日6:00）较低且变幅较小.芦苇湿地的H₂S平均浓度最高(（0.0013±0.0025）μL·L^-1),交错带湿地次之(（0.0011±0.0012）μL·L^-1),短叶茳芏湿地最低(（0.0009±0.0013）μL·L^-1).不同湿地的H₂S日平均浓度整体均随高度的增加而降低,H₂S主要集中在近地面0～0.5 m高度且其浓度的变异性最低.研究发现,潮汐及风速是影响不同湿地H₂S浓度日变化特征的共性因素,其中,芦苇湿地还受温度、电导率（EC）及氧化还原电位（E_h）的显...     

疫情背景下的福建省高速公路机动车污染物排放清单

机动车排放污染物已经成为大气污染的重要来源.基于福建省高速公路交通流量数据,采用自下而上的计算方法建立了2020年1—7月福建省高速公路机动车高分辨率污染物排放清单.结果表明,受疫情影响,福建省高速公路月均车流量和污染物排放量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,4月污染物排放量达到最低,5月污染物排放量又迅速恢复到疫情前的排放水平,其中,疫情中期污染物CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放较疫情后期分别减少了90.68%、89.06%、92.58%、89.58%和89.63%.在整个研究期内,不同城市高速公路机动车污染物排放的分担率有所不同,泉州、福州和漳州的高速公路机动车排放分担率较高;从车型来看,小型客车和轻型货车是CO和HC的主要贡献车型,NO_x和PM主要来自重型货车和轻型货车;从燃料类型来看,汽油车是CO和HC的主要贡献源,柴油车则对NO_x和PM贡献突出;从排放标准来看,国三和国四车对各项污染物的贡献率最大.各项污染物空间分布一致,排放高值区位于东部沿海地区路段,西部内陆的...     

矿化垃圾层微生物群落结构及多样性分析

矿化垃圾层含有的丰富微生物群落在稳定渗滤液理化性质中发挥重要作用。为深入理解矿化垃圾中微生物群落对渗滤液有机物的降解作用,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和分析方法,研究了不同点位矿化垃圾微生物群落结构和多样性。结果表明:矿化垃圾含有丰富的微生物群落,各点位的丰富度相近,但多样性差别较大;各点位均含有(相对丰度>1.0%)厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、热孢菌门(Thermotogae)和Atribacteria;厚壁菌门在K1、K2、K3和K4点位相对丰度最高,分别为39.10%、31.79%、47.09%和33.84%,为优势菌门;广古菌门在渗滤液有机负荷较高的K1、K2点位以及水力停留时间较长的K4点位相对丰度较高,而在中部K3点位的相对丰度较低。微生物群落结构和多样性与渗滤液负荷相关,在渗滤液负荷较高的矿化垃圾层,微生物群落多样性较高。     

Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic of China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures have been in existence in the People's Republic of China over the last decade. The impetus for China's introduction of EIA was provided by the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted by the Fifth National People's Congress in 1979. The EIA process, which is administrative and not statutorily mandated, has been applied primarily to construction projects. Four stages are typically involved in an EIA investigation: design of the investigation, evaluation of background environmental quality, prediction of environmental impacts, and an assessment and analysis of the environmental impacts. A variety of approaches is used for predicting and analyzing environmental impacts, ranging from ad hoc methods to fairly sophisticated mathematical models. The results of the EIA investigation are compiled in an environmental impact statement, which is used as the basis for decision making by personnel in environmental protection departments. The EIA process does not include provisions for citizen notification or involvement. Views differ concerning the effectiveness of the EIA program in protecting China's natural, social, and cultural environments. Some hold that the EIA program has brought about improvement in environmental protection, while critics contend that the program has had little effect in the prevention of pollution. However, most, if not all, observers seem to feel that the program should be continued and improved. A major avenue for improvement is to place the evaluation of a particular project in a regional context. An earlier version of this paper was distributed at a workshop on Environmental Assessment Development Planning held in conjunction with the VII Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Brisbane, Australia, July 5–8, 1988.     

The roles of organic degradation products andselenium in the pathogenesis ofKaschin-Beck disease

An investigation on the organic degradation products and selenium in the pathogenesis of Kaschin-Beck disease was carried out. The results demonstrated that the organic degradation products existed in food and drinking water were the pathogens of the KBD; their leading pathological process of cells would be "membrane injury" due to peroxide. As GSH-Px is a selenium contained enzyme, therefore insufficient selenium would be one of the most important conditions to cause KBD.     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm were measured on board by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflow on marine environment. Variation of source types depended mainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.