动电技术去除城市污泥中Pb的试验研究

以福州快安污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,通过3种电压梯度0.5、1.0和1.5 V/cm的系列试验得出：污泥中Pb的动电去除率均沿动电电流方向逐渐减低,其中1^#点总去除率最高,对应3种电压梯度分别为：18.2％、27.4％和28.3％;动电处理后污泥中残余Pb量分别为267.1、237.0和234.1 mg/kg干污泥,处理后污泥的Pb含量达到农用标准,同时动电处理后污泥的有机质含量没有发生明显变化,这保证了处理后的污泥仍具有农业利用的价值。     

两种生态下粳稻近等基因系形态性状与糙米元素间的关联性

昆明自然和阿子营冷水下鉴定了亲本及其十和田×NIL回交的BC5F5群体264个材料12个性状及ICP-AES测定了昆明自然下糙米17种矿质元素,并研究了该群体两点12个性状间及其17种矿质元素间的相关,结果表明:(1)阿子营冷水条件下该群体9个形态性状的平均值及其变异系数与昆明常温条件下相近,但穗实粒数、秕粒数及结实率3个耐冷性指标性状的平均值及其变异系数差异较大.(2)冷水条件下十和田 NIL群体形态性状间的相关比常温条件下吏密切,冷水条件下有42对呈显著或极显著相关(-0.823**～0.954**)而常温条件下仅有1 9对呈显著或极显著相关(-0.206**～0.432**).(3)在昆明常温和阿子营冷水下BC5F5群体及其亲本12个形态性状与糙米17种矿质元素组成的408对性状中仅有糙米9种矿质元素(S、Fe、Na、P、Zn、Ca、K、Mg和Mn)与孕穗期耐冷指标性状密切相关.     

云南稻种磷高效特性相关性状的生态差异

云南不仅是世界稻种(Oryza sativa L.)最大的遗传和生态多样性中心之一,也是中国土壤类型最丰富的地区;中国南方和云南耕地65%以上缺乏有效磷,土壤缺磷已成为稻作生产的主要限制因子.该文中,缺磷(速效磷6.26 mg·kg-1)与适磷(速效磷40 mg·kg-1)酸性红壤进行比较,以相对茎蘖数(RTA)、相对总质量(RTB)、相对地上质量(RDWU)和相对地下质量(RDWG)为参数,研究了来自云南省16个州市5个稻作区577份水稻核心种质的磷高效基因型及其生态差异,结果表明:低磷胁迫下云南稻核心种质的相对茎蘖数、相对总质量、相对地上质量和相对地下质量密切相关,这4个性状是水稻磷高效鉴定较可靠和方便的指标,并筛选出10个磷高效品种;磷高效基因型在籼粳间存在较大差异,但丁颖分类性状中的水陆、粘糯间差异较小;水稻磷高效品种广泛分布于5个稻作区和绝大多数州市,特别是磷高效极强品种主要来自云南稻种的遗传多样性中心(思茅、临沧、西双版纳、德宏和文山州)和基因多样性中心(南部边缘水陆兼作区).这些结果有力地支持了水稻磷高效特性与酸性红壤和遗传多样性中心有关,更好地理解水稻磷高效特性的地理生态和遗传多样性机制.     

云南稻核心种质苗期与孕穗期耐冷性特点及关系分析

以544份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温(苗期平均5.5～12.3℃,孕穗期平均17.8℃)冷害下,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性的特点及关系研究.结果表明:(1)苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性密切相关,苗期耐冷性强的材料表现为孕穗期株高、剑叶长和宽、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长较长、穗粒数较多,耐冷性较强.通过对苗期耐冷性的严格选择,可以间接获得孕穗期耐冷性较强的材料.(2)苗期和孕穗期耐冷性在籼粳间、稻作区间差异明显.籼粳间均表现为粳稻强于籼稻;稻作区间苗期耐冷性为滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区最强,滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇西北高寒粳稻区孕穗期耐冷性较强,揭示了水稻苗期与穗期耐冷性的形成演化机制存在一致性和差异性.     

Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation

The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July–August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7–12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.     

中国区域紫外辐射红斑剂量时空变化特征

利用大气探测卫星AURA搭载的臭氧观测仪（ozone monitoring instrument,OMI）所获得的紫外辐射红斑剂量数据,分析了2005—2015年中国紫外辐射的时空变化特征。在空间上,紫外线辐射呈现纬度地带性分布,从南向北逐渐减小,大约从4200 J?m^?2到1500 J?m^?2递减。紫外辐射与高程呈现明显的正相关,东部、东北的低海拔地区,紫外辐射相对较低。在高海拨的青藏高原区,紫外辐射高,多年平均值大约为5500 J?m^?2,有些区域可达6000 J?m^?2以上。在时间上,紫外辐射红斑剂量存在明显的季节变化,一年中变化大致呈现抛物线分布。在夏季（7月份）达到最大值,多年平均值为5532.9 J?m^?2,春秋季次之,冬季（12月份）达到最小值,多年平均值为1089.2 J?m^?2。2005—2015年平均紫外线辐射呈上升趋势,但是在2010年出现谷值,多年平均值大约为3016.5 J?m^?2。不同区域的变化趋势表现出明显的空间差异,大体呈现两种模式：在高值的青藏高原区,紫外辐射呈现减少的趋势;在低值区,紫外辐射呈现逐渐增大的趋势。     

海上溢油指纹鉴别技术现状及展望

简要回顾了海上溢油污染概况,介绍了国内外溢油鉴别方法:气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、荧光光谱法、红外光谱法等,指出了未来海上溢油指纹鉴别技术的发展方向。     

Case study of dust event sources from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts: An investigation of the horizontal evolution and topographical effect using numerical modeling and remote sensing

A severe dust event occurred from April 23 to April 27, 2014, in East Asia. A state-of-the-art online atmospheric chemistry model, WRF/Chem, was combined with a dust model, GOCART, to better understand the entire process of this event. The natural color images and aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the dust source region are derived from datasets of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) loaded on a NASA Aqua satellite to trace the dust variation and to verify the model results. Several meteorological conditions, such as pressure, temperature, wind vectors and relative humidity, are used to analyze meteorological dynamic. The results suggest that the dust emission occurred only on April 23 and 24, although this event lasted for 5 days. The Gobi Desert was the main source for this event, and the Taklamakan Desert played no important role. This study also suggested that the landform of the source region could remarkably interfere with a dust event. The Tarim Basin has a topographical effect as a “dust reservoir” and can store unsettled dust, which can be released again as a second source, making a dust event longer and heavier.     

大寨沟污水净化实验研究

针对大寨沟水质特色,选用化学处理方法,设计了处理工艺流程.通过实验确定了絮凝剂,探讨了絮凝剂的制备要点,在最佳的投药量下,色度和浊度的去除率分别可以达到80%和90%以上.实验最终出水可以达到综合回用标准,表明化学处理方法对大寨沟污水有很好的净化效果.     

海域环境影响对比分析在铁矿石港竣工环保验收中的应用

通过对马迹山矿石中转港扩建工程竣工环境保护验收阶段在码头前沿区、锚地、航道和对照点处,海水水质、海洋表层沉积物、海洋生物的监测调查数据,进行与环评时期的阶段对比和各监测点之间的区域对比评价,分析工程竣工后对周边海洋生态环境的影响。以对比分析结果为基础,判断工程是否具备竣工环保验收条件。