有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究 Ⅵ.对硫磷对4种海洋微藻的毒性效应

本文报道有机磷农药——对硫磷对４种海洋微藻的毒性效应。实验结果显示：（１）对硫磷对４种海洋微藻有较高的毒性，对藻细胞的生长和分裂有严重的抑制效应。（２）４种海洋微藻对对硫磷的耐受力有一定的差异，按由大到小的顺序依次为新月菱形藻＞盐藻＞金藻＞扁藻。（３）对硫磷能够引起叶绿素ａ的降解，随着浓度的提高，藻细胞叶绿素ａ的含量呈下降趋势。     

Overview of surface ozone variability in East Asia-North Pacific region during IGAC/APARE(1994—1996)

IntroductionDuringthelastdecade ,theEastAsiancontinentalrimregionhasbeencharacterizedbyhighanthropogenicemissionsduetotherapidindustrialization .Airpollutioninthisregionhascreatedmuchattentiontothescientistsovertheworld(Kato,1992 ;Akimoto ,1994a ;Aardenne…     

西北干旱区水资源开发的水文效应及其利用模式的变化

我国西北干旱区主要分布在新疆、青海和甘肃及内蒙西部。这里气候干旱,水资源对干旱区的经济发展有着决定性意义,在干旱区“没有灌溉就没有农业”。水资源不仅影响到农牧业发展,同时也影响到工矿资源开发和城市的发展。水资源既是宝贵的自然资源,也是干旱区自然环境综合体中最活跃的因素之一。水资源开发利用已引起一系列水文效应和生态环境的变化,尤其是干旱区水资源开发中水循环各要素变化是很强烈的,因此研究干旱区的水资源开发的水文效应不仅具有理论意义,也有重要的实践意义。     

基于DO曲线特征的污水毒性检测技术研究

基于对生化反应体系溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)曲线特征的分析,研究了一种污水毒性检测技术,实验结果表明:在确定的操作流程和参数条件下,对于同种污水的周期性反应,体系DO周期性变化特征值波动小于10%,呈现高规律性和稳定性;最终建立了一种基于体系DO曲线特征的污泥活性相对抑制率公式,通过量化分析污水毒性对污泥活性的抑制程度,提供一种污水毒性快速检测技术手段。     

外源铅在4种土壤中的老化特征及对土壤化学性质的影响

采用化学提取和梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)探究外源铅(Pb)在不同类型土壤中老化的形态变化规律,考察了外源Pb添加对土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)和可溶性有机质(DOC)等的影响,初步建立了土壤Pb生物有效性的预测模型.结果表明:EDTA提取态Pb含量随老化时间的延长而降低;准二级动力学方程可较好地表达有效态Pb在老化过程中的动力学特征,方程的参数反映了Pb处理浓度的增加延长了老化达平衡的时间,所有供试土壤的EDTA提取态Pb含量在3个月后基本达到老化平衡;不同提取态Pb含量和变化不同,CaCl_2提取态Pb含量最少、变化最大,HNO_3提取态Pb含量变化最小;外源Pb添加会降低土壤pH,但对CEC和DOC无明显影响;随着老化时间的延长,土壤pH升高,CEC无明显变化,DOC显著降低;土壤水溶态Pb和DOC可用来预测DGT测定的有效态Pb含量,预测效果较好.     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies

Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.     

银川紫外辐射特征及TUV模式适用性研究

利用2013—2019年银川紫外观测数据,分析了银川紫外辐射变化特征,基于TUV模式,结合云光学厚度、云顶高度、气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照比、波长指数、臭氧柱浓度和NO₂柱浓度等遥感资料,研究了TUV模式在银川紫外辐射模拟中的适用性.结果表明,银川多年年平均紫外辐照度为8.7 W·m^-2,7月最高为17.7 W·m^-2,1月最低为3.1 W·m^-2,13：00前后达到日最大值;不同参数输入方案下TUV对银川紫外辐照度随时间变化趋势的把握能力均较好,但平均值和标准差都普遍存在高估现象,2—5月TUV模拟效果最差,1月和6—10月模拟效果较好,11和12月模拟效果最好;模拟层数的增加不能有效提高模拟精度,改善TUV模拟效果;TUV模式模拟误差随着云光学厚度、相对湿度的减小及臭氧柱浓度、云顶高度的增加而增大;TUV对日照时数小于10 h时的紫外辐照度的模拟效果较日照时数大于10 h时好;PM₁₀浓度为0~50 μg·m^-3时TUV模拟均方根误差最小.     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.     

聚合铁的形态特征和凝聚-絮凝机理

以部分中和法从0.3MFeCl_3溶液制作不同OH/Fe值的聚合铁,进行各种物理化学特征鉴定,推断其水解-聚合产物形态,并进行混凝效能实验.OH/Fe在0—0.4阶段,含有低聚物.对本实验体系有甚高混凝效能.OH/Fe>0.4后.生成高聚物而电荷降低,混凝效能略有下降.OH/Fe>1.5后.生成物趋向于溶胶和沉淀物,混凝效能明显降低.讨论了聚合铁在不同OH/Fe值的凝聚-絮凝作用机理.