4-硝基酚对大鼠肝脏的毒性及氧化损伤

研究环境内分泌干扰物4-硝基酚(4-nitrophenol,PNP)对大鼠肝脏功能的毒性作用及其对核因子相关因子-2(Nrf2)通路的影响.20只SD雄性大鼠随机分成4个组,分别为对照组、1、10和100 mg·kg-1体重PNP处理组,连续皮下注射28d,检测肝脏的结构变化、氧化损伤和Nrf2及其相关基因的表达情况.结果表明,与对照组相比,100 mg·kg-1PNP处理组大鼠的血清肝功能主要指标ALT、AST、AKP活性和TBIL含量显著性升高p＜005);100 mg·kg-1组肝脏GSH-PX、CAT和SOD活性显著性降低p＜005);大鼠肝脏中Nrf2及其下游基因NQOI和HO-1 mRNA表达水平在1mg·kg-1组显著升高(p＜0.05),10、100 mg·kg-1组有升高趋势;100 mg ·kg-1组肝脏显微和超微结构都发现有不同程度的损伤.结果提示,皮下注射1 mg·kg-1 PNP引起了大鼠肝脏氧化损伤,机体可能通过提高Nrf2及其相关基因mRNA的表达水平来抵抗PNP引起的肝脏损伤;皮下注射100 mg·kg-1 PNP改变了肝脏的正常生理功能,造成肝细胞超微结构病理损伤,引起肝脏毒性.     

新疆于田县优质富锂富锶天然饮用矿泉水及其开发前景

为了调查新疆于田县的水质和水资源特色,2010 年和2012 年在新疆于田县及于田县邻区采集水样,并对其元素含量进行分析测定。结果在新疆于田县新发现一个优质天然富锂富锶饮用矿泉水水源,水化学类型为Na·Mg-HCO₃·Cl,锂含量1 765.5 μg/L,锶含量1.1 mg/L,分别为国家饮用矿泉水锂（Li≥200 μg/L）和锶（Sr≥0.2 mg/L）最低界限指标的8.8 倍和5.5 倍。于田县城饮用矿泉水含水层厚度大,岩性为卵砾石,透水性好,水量较丰富。于田县优质矿泉水与国内外主要矿泉水相比,具有富锂、富锶等有益元素,且富锂矿泉水是中国稀缺的矿泉水资源,因此具有广阔的市场前景。     

Arsenic concentration in rice, fish, meat and vegetables in Cambodia: a preliminary risk assessment

To assess arsenic contaminations and its possible adverse health effects, food samples were collected from Kandal, Kratie and Kampong Cham in Cambodia. The highest and the lowest concentrations were observed in fish (mean 2,832 ng g^?1, ww) collected from Kandal province and cattle stomach (1.86 ± 1.10 ng g^?1, ww) collected from Kratie, respectively. The daily intake of arsenic via food consumption was 604, 9.70 and 136 μg day^?1 in Kandal, Kratie and Kampong Cham, respectively. The arsenic dietary intake in Kandal ranked No. 1 among all the 17 compared countries or regions. Fish consumption contributed the greatest proportion of total arsenic daily intake in Kandal (about 63.0 %) and Kampong Cham (about 69.8 %). It is revealed to be a much more important exposure pathway than drinking water for residents in Kampong Cham. The results of risk assessment suggested that the residents in Cambodia, particularly for people in Kandal province, suffer high public health risks due to consuming arsenic-contaminated food.     

预氯化对管道生物膜净水效能影响及性能恢复

以环状膜生物反应器BAR模拟实际输水管道,研究了预氯化对管壁生物膜净水效能的影响及其性能恢复过程.结果表明:冲击性加氯后生物膜中异养菌数量迅速降低,几乎检测不出氨氧化细菌,然而,短时的冲击利于生物膜更新,增加了细菌生长潜能,恢复运行240h及144h之后预氯化生物膜中异养菌和氨氧化细菌数量均高于对照组.氯冲击明显降低了生物膜对氨氮的去除效果,余氯为0.5,1.5,3.0mg/L的BAR对氨氮去除率由对照组的79.01%分别降到32.10%、14.46%和9.88%,并出现了显著的亚硝酸盐氮积累,恢复运行120h和216h,管道生物膜即可恢复对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除效果.余氯量达到1.5mg/L时造成出水总磷浓度升高,恢复运行264h之后4台BAR对总磷的去除率均达到20%以上.氯对生物膜的氧化作用使得出水高锰酸盐指数升高,运行192h之后生物膜净水效果恢复.     

Preparation and characterization of surface modified powder of calcium hydroxide used as chlorine scavenger

In order to avoid existing shortcomings of chlorine leakage treatment, we developed a new chlorine scavenger. The main composition of the chlorine scavenger was calcium hydroxide. The chlorine scavenger was prepared by wet process with water as solvent through adding surface active agent and silicone oil, etc. The influence of surfactant on modified powder was investigated, which included the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the sodium stearate, the water-soluble silicone oil, the emulsifying silicon oil and the amino silicone oil, and the effect of modification of judgment were illustrated, which mainly involved the sifting rate, the bulk density, the contact angle, on this basis, also the author analyzed the powder of modification by using SEM analysis and size distribution, The modified powder had the following characteristics: high absorptivity, anti-caking, good air permeability and so on. The results showed that overall performance of modified powder was better than the performance of unmodified powder. The adding amount of sodium stearate was preferably 2% while the optimum amount of emulsifying silicon oil and amino silicone oil was 3%. The comprehensive performance of powder modified with compound modifiers was better than the performance of the powder modified with a single modifier. The property of powder modified with sodium stearate and amino silicone oil had a good performance analyzed from the uniformity of particle size distribution of the powder and anti-caking. The powder modified with sodium stearate and emulsifying silicon oil had a good absorption rate of chlorine.     

基于基尼系数法的区域水污染物分配研究

将经济领域用于评价收入公平性指标——基尼系数法用于区域水污染物总量分配。以湖北省17市州为分配对象,以各地基准年排放量为初步分配方案,分别绘制人口、水资源量和地区生产总值各指标下洛伦兹曲线图,计算各基尼系数值并评估公平性。以省年度环保规划为削减依据,在完成减排目标的前提下,研究确定重点削减区域,达到使各指标基尼系数趋于合理的目的。结果表明,该方法既能衡量不公平程度,明确重点调整指标,在兼顾各指标影响差异的同时,改善分配方案,是一种较适宜的评估分配方法。     

硫化亚铁氧化自燃倾向性的实验研究

含硫油品储罐腐蚀产物FeS的氧化自燃是引起储罐火灾爆炸事故的主要原因。用同步热分析仪(STA)在30～900℃范围内对FeS进行热重热流分析,从物理吸附和化学反应的角度分析了不同粒径和不同升温速率FeS的自然氧化倾向性,计算了不同升温速率FeS的活化能。结果表明,FeS样品粒径越小,越容易发生氧化自燃反应;升温速率越大,FeS越不容易氧化。同时,不同升温速率条件下的FeS反应机制各不相同。从实验得出的动力学参数看出,FeS的氧化反应较复杂,而非简单的放热反应。     

用SSR标记检测杂交籼稻三系亲本的遗传差异

随机选用分布于水稻(Oryza sativa L.)12条染色体上的110对引物,共筛选出26对具有多态性的SSR引物,对24份杂交籼稻三系亲本材料进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析.全部24份亲本中共检测出116对等位基因,每个SSR引物可检测到的等位基因数目为2～7个不等,平均每对引物可以检测到4.4个等位基因.多态信息量(PIC)的变动范围为0.068 9～0.803 6,平均PIC值为0.603 4;期望杂合度(He)的变动范围为0.081 6～0.829 8,平均值为0.616 9;多样性指数(1)变幅为0.173 2～1.791 3,平均为1.160 0.对供试亲本材料根据遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果表明,SSR微卫星标记可以将24份亲本材料分为3个大群,各组亲本间的遗传差异较大.通过分子标记辅助育种,可以有效地鉴定供试亲本材料之间的亲缘关系,分析预测新种质材料的遗传差异,可作为选育强优势组合杂交水稻的重要参考指标之一.图2表3参24     

障碍物对瓦斯爆炸冲击波影响研究

为研究障碍物对瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播规律的影响,利用水平管道式气体——粉尘爆炸实验装置,测试并分析障碍物数量、尺寸和壁面粗糙程度对瓦斯爆炸冲击波超压、冲击波传播规律的影响。结果表明:障碍物对瓦斯爆炸过程中冲击波传播规律具有重要影响。障碍物存在时,改变了爆炸冲击波的传播规律,提高了冲击波超压的最大峰值压力,且随着障碍物数量和尺寸的增加,这种激励作用越明显。随着壁面粗糙程度的增大,瓦斯爆炸冲击波超压明显增大。研究结果对井下巷道瓦斯爆炸冲击波的防治具有一定的指导意义。     

300MW机组锅炉屏式过热器爆管原因分析

某电厂300MW机组锅炉在投产运行仅仅13260小时便发生了屏式过热器爆管事故,经初步分析该不锈钢管弯管是由于固溶化处理不当,在残余应力、热应力及氟离子等共同作用下,在奥氏体晶界薄弱处产生晶间腐蚀微裂纹,继而不断发展并最终造成爆管事故的发生。建议加强原材料验收检验及规范锅炉运行操作规程,以最大限度减少此类事故的发生。