中试一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与区域特性

通过好氧区接种亚硝化悬浮填料,厌氧区接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥和普通厌氧污泥研究了中试规模下一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与区域特性.结果表明,历时74 d成功启动中试一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器,整体氮去除速率由0.02 kg·(m3·d)-1上升至0.48 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,可达到快速启动的效果,接种ANAMMOX污泥的比例与活性是实现PN-ANAMMOX反应器快速启动的关键因素;对两区域氮素转化特性分析表明,好氧区中AOB一直处于优势地位,NOB受到DO和基质的双重抑制,亚硝化效果稳定,NPRa由0.22 kg·(m3·d)-1上升到0.58 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,NAPa随着厌氧区脱氮能力的提升可达95%以上;厌氧区为一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器的关键性区域,NRRana由0.02 kg·(m3·d)-1上升至4.7 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,期间中常温(温度由32℃下降至27℃)的变化首先对厌氧区产生影响,NRRana下降至3.7kg·(m3·d)-1左右,降低约21%,而对好氧区影响不大;在长时间运行下,两区域均可实现大量ANAMMOX菌的富集,此时好氧区也具有一定的脱氮能力,厌氧区则起强化脱氮的作用.     

华山地区PM2.5中无机离子垂直分布特征

2016年夏季在华山山腰及山脚设两个采样点（垂直高程相差约700 m）,运用大流量采样器进行每4 h 1次PM_2.5样品采集,对其无机离子进行分析,探讨其浓度、组成、垂直变化、日变化及酸度的特征.结果表明：采样期间,华山山腰及山脚的PM_2.5分别为：（46.9±38.2）μg·m^-3和（76.0±44.3）μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中无机离子分别为：（16.6±15.7）μg·m^-3和（24.0±15.0）μg·m^-3.两个点位无机离子浓度依次为：SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺为主要组分,占华山山腰及山脚大气PM_2.5总离子质量浓度的89%和85%.线性回归分析显示：PM_2.5中的NH₄⁺在华山山腰主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在,而在华山山脚主要以NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.华山山腰和山脚PM_2.5及其离子呈现出不同的日变化特征：山腰在12：00~16：00出现峰值,主要是因为边界层抬升和山谷风输送地表污染物的缘故;山脚则分别在白天08：00~12：00和夜晚00：00~04：00出现双峰值,这主要是由于早高峰交通排放增加和夜间大型载货卡车流量增大所致.利用阴阳离子当量平衡法及ISORROPIA Ⅱ模型进一步探讨了PM_2.5酸度特征,结果表明：华山山脚PM_2.5的酸度（pH=2.9±2.0）强于山腰（pH=3.2±2.3）.     

长江口徐六泾颗粒态正构烷烃的月变化组成特征及来源解析

2003年6月到2005年12月之间,在长江口徐六泾站位按月际采集表层水样用于颗粒态正构烷烃的测定。徐六泾颗粒态样品总正构烷烃含量在0.3~3.8 μg·L^-1范围内,高值多集中在每年4月到8月。正构烷烃的碳数范围在C₁₅ 到 C₃₆之间,主峰碳主要为C₂₇、C₂₉和C₃₁。徐六泾颗粒态正构烷烃分布可分陆源输入优势型、陆源和水生生物混合优势型及石油污染型等3种类型,其中陆源输入为主,少部分冬、春季样品的分析结果显示为陆源与水生生物共同作用类型,可能与低悬浮颗粒物浓度和海水倒灌的影响有关。UCM结果显示徐六泾石油烃污染主要分布范围为C₂₈-C₃₃,与推测的船只燃料油污染相吻合。     

黄龙钙华水体藻多样性及分布规律研究

对黄龙钙华水体藻种类、分布规律及多样性进行了研究,共鉴定出23属53种淡水藻类,分属5门。黄龙钙华水体藻类以硅藻占绝对优势,绿藻、黄藻门、蓝藻门次之,裸藻门、金藻门最少。从季节交替变化来看,春季小球藻最多,夏秋季节硅藻最多;从分布规律来看,夏季以海拔最高的泉眼处藻类最多,沿海拔降低藻类数量递减;秋季以钙华滩流群处藻类最盛。多样性分析结果表明,黄龙水体钙华藻类的物种丰富度指数dmar在0.083⁰.667之间,多样性指数H在0.1910.667之间,多样性指数H在0.191¹.99之间,均匀度e在0.2761.99之间,均匀度e在0.276¹.000之间。结果表明黄龙钙华水体藻类受到季节、温度、水量等环境因数和海拔、钙华滩、彩池等地理因素影响表现出现种群的周期演替。     

石化污水处理场挥发性污染物分布特征研究

采用大气预浓缩系统-气相色谱-质谱联用方法对石化企业污水处理场排放的挥发性污染物分布特征进行了定性、定量和半定量分析。结果表明,在污水处理场4个监测位点均检出多种挥发性有机污染物,以芳烃和直链烃类化合物为主,其中苯系物浓度和检出率最高,甲苯和二甲苯占污染区采样点检出成分总量的10%以上。4个监测点中污水总进口上方大气污染最为严重。对大气预浓缩系统-气相色谱-质谱联用方法分析挥发性硫化物进行了方法验证,结果表明,该系统对硫化氢、甲硫醇和乙硫醇3种化合物存在一定的吸附作用,标准曲线斜率与起始浓度显著相关,采用该系统对低浓度、高活性的硫化物进行分析和绝对定量时应谨慎对待。污泥贮存池是硫化物恶臭类物质控制的重点区域。     

黄河水质监测的分析方法研究

随着对黄河水的治理工作的逐渐深入,关于黄河水质的监测事业都取得了快速的发展并有着不小的进步,当然仍然存在着一些问题,比如监测的条件较为单一且技术落后、监测的断面也不够多、资料信息缺乏等.随着时代的发展,现有的一些关于水质监测的方法已经不能满足监测的要求,所以本文对于黄河水质监测的分析方法做了一定得研究,希望对于水质监测方面有一定的帮助.     

基于厌氧氨氧化的含氨废气原位处理

采用部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器研究了含氨废气原位脱氮处理的可行性.结果表明,在控制低溶解氧(0.2~1 mg·L~(-1)),pH为7.9~8.2,中温(30~35℃)条件下,经过60 d的运行,成功地实现部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化反应器的启动,总氮去除率达到88%,氮去除速率由0.05 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)上升并稳定在0.7 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).在含氨废气处理研究中,当含氨废气浓度低于2.59%,废气中原有的氧过量,导致硝态氮大量累积;当含氨废气体积分数为2.59%~4.2%时,废气中氧满足反应器脱氮的需求;当含氨废气体积分数高于4.2%,需要额外通入空气,补充反应器内的氧需求.经过60 d的运行,氨气的去除率达100%,总氮去除率达90.06%,总氮去除负荷为0.51 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).说明基于厌氧氨氧化反应的一体化反应器可实现含氨废气稳定去除.     

Decolorization of Methyl Orange by a new clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: Synergetic effect, efficiency optimization and mechanism

In this study, a novel nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite material was successfully synthesized using a low-cost natural clay, “Hangjin 2^# clay” (HJ clay) as the support and tested for the decolorization of the azo dye Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solution by nZVI particles. According to the characterization and MO decolorization experiments, the sample with 5:1 HJ clay-supported nZVI (HJ/nZVI) mass ratio (HJ-nZVI5) showed the best dispersion and reactivity and the highest MO decolorization efficiency. With the same equivalent Fe⁰ dosage, the HJ-nZVI1 and HJ-nZVI5 samples demonstrated a synergetic effect for the decolorization of MO: their decolorization efficiencies were much higher than that achieved by physical mixing of HJ clay and nZVIs, or the sum of HJ clay and nZVIs alone. The synergetic effect was primarily due to the improved dispersion and more effective utilization of the nZVI particles on/in the composite materials. Higher decolorization efficiency of MO was obtained at larger HJ-nZVI dosage, higher temperature and under N₂ atmosphere, while the MO initial concentration and pH were negatively correlated to the efficiency. HJ clay not only works as a carrier for nZVI nanoparticles, but also contributes to the decolorization through an “adsorption-enhanced reduction” mechanism. The high efficiency of HJ-nZVI for decontamination gives it great potential for use in a variety of remediation applications.     

Novel cationic polyamidine: Synthesis, characterization, and sludge dewatering performance

In this study, a new and facile route was employed for synthesis of polyamidine with abundant cations and attractive five-membered ringlike structural unit. N-vinylformamide and acrylonitrile copolymerized firstly to form intermediates, and the intermediates were processed with hydrochloric acid to produce polyamidine. A series of polymerization conditions (e.g. polymerization time, temperature and dosage of initiator) were optimized through productivity, viscosity and cationic degree as evaluation. SEM analysis illustrated that the amidinization process could reduce the size of spaces between molecular and created compact structure, which would contribute to good flocculation performance and high viscosity. FT-IR, XPS and NMR spectra presented a rather clear structure of polyamidine. 34.3% of sludge was sedimentated through the flocculation of polyamidine in the early stages. In contrast, only 6.8% of sludge was sedimentated by polyacrylamide. The moisture content in dehydrated floc could be reduced to 77.7% when 60 mg/L polyamidine was added. These results demonstrated that the polyamidine showed a great potential in the practical application of sludge dewatering.     

天津分公司加氢裂化装置HAZOP分析

通过对180×10~4t/a加氢裂化装置的HAZOP分析实例,详细阐述了HAZOP分析方法的实际应用,找出装置需要改进的针对性建议措施,总结了HAZOP分析过程中常见的问题以及经验。