长株潭城市群PM2.5中二次无机离子特征及生成机制

二次无机离子是大气PM_2.5的主要组分,其对城市霾污染的驱动作用愈发明显.目前长株潭城市群秋冬季PM_2.5污染形势依旧严峻,但该区域的二次转化对冬季霾污染过程以及秋冬季SNA差异特征的影响尚不明晰.2020年11月和2021年1月在长株潭城市群4个典型站点进行PM_2.5连续采样,并定量分析了SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄等组分.结果显示,秋季和冬季PM_2.5中ρ(SO₄^2-)、ρ(NO^-₃)、ρ(NH⁺₄)平均值(μg·m^-3)分别为(5.2±2.5)、(7.9±4.8)、(4.1±2.2)和(7.2±4.2)、(17.1±10.5)、(7.8±5.2).在冬季霾污染过程中,ρ(SO₄^...     

降水改变下撂荒草地的化学计量失衡改变调节土壤呼吸

降水作为全球气候变化的关键因子,其变化会影响土壤呼吸.微生物是土壤呼吸的关键驱动因素,但是在不同降雨梯度下,针对脆弱生境地区,微生物化学计量与呼吸的关系还不明确.以黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地为研究对象开展了原位模拟降雨变化的实验(5个降水梯度),测定了土壤呼吸、养分、微生物生物量和胞外酶,并计算微生物计量特征.结果表明：(1)土壤呼吸(SR)在增雨处理下土壤呼吸显著升高,而在减雨处理下显著降低.(2)降水变化影响了化学计量不平衡,其中活性资源库氮(N)与磷(P)之间的不平衡(N∶P不平衡)整体呈现出近“U”型趋势,活性资源库碳(C)与P之间的不平衡(C∶P不平衡)仅在2019年变化显著,变化趋势为：P50>P25>CK>D25>D50,表明C∶P不平衡对降雨变化更敏感.(3)随降雨量的增加土壤β-1,4-葡糖苷酶(BG)降低,氮降解酶活性β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和亮氨酸胺肽酶(LAG)之和(NAG+LAP)在两年减雨处理期间显著下降;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在增雨条件下活性显著增强,而在减雨条件下活性显著减弱;BG∶(NAG+LAP)和BG∶ALP均...     

海军导弹装备结构件腐蚀寿命预测研究

针对装备腐蚀影响导弹战备值班时间、技术状态完好性等问题,通过分析海军导弹装备结构件腐蚀特点及服役环境特点,基于Wiener-Einstein过程随机理论,研究给出了导弹结构件腐蚀量增长下的退化失效模型,基于腐蚀量数据特点,给出了腐蚀寿命模型参数估计方法,该方法可为海军导弹装备腐蚀寿命预测、岛礁导弹装备维修决策、保障等工作提供技术支持和理论指导。     

Investigating the impact of Glyoxal retrieval from MAX-DOAS observations during haze and non-haze conditions in Beijing

This study presents the Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(MAXDOAS) measurements for Glyoxal(CHOCHO) in Beijing, China(39.95°N, 116.32°E). CHOCHO is the smallest compound of di-carbonyl group. As a primary sink of CHOCHO, its photolysis with NOx(oxides of nitrogen) results in the production of tropospheric ozone. Therefore,the focus of CHOCHO DOAS measurements is increasing in trend. We did the measurements from 09 May 2017 to 09 September 2017. The study was conducted to compare different retrieval settings in order to reveal best DOAS fit settings for CHOCHO;furthermore, effect of haze and non-haze days on CHOCHO concentration was examined.The root mean square of residual and Differential Slant Column density(dSCD) error was reduced when measurements were done with lower wavelength limit around 432–438 nm and upper intervals around 455–460 nm. Thus, lower wavelength intervals around432–438 nm and upper intervals around 457–460 nm were best for the retrieval of dSCDs for CHOCHO. Meteorological conditions like haze or non-haze days did not have significant effect on DOAS fit parameters. The CHOCHO vertical column densities range from 1.33 E +14 to 9.77 E + 14 molecules/cm2 during the study period with average of 6.16 E +14 molecules/cm2. The results indicated that during haze days CHOCHO concentration was higher because of lower rate of photolysis and atmospheric oxidation potential. Our results did not show any significant weekend effect on CHOCHO atmospheric concentration.     

深圳冬季大气气态硝酸和硝酸盐气粒分配特征

利用双通道在线气体和气溶胶分析仪（MARGA）在深圳冬季同时观测了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性无机离子及气态前体物浓度变化,以探究气态硝酸（HNO₃）和颗粒态硝酸盐（pNO₃^-）的气粒分配特征.结果表明,气态硝酸和颗粒态硝酸盐总和TNO₃（TNO₃=HNO₃+pNO₃^-）中,气态HNO₃、细颗粒NO₃^-和粗颗粒NO₃^-三个部分的占比分别为9.6%、56.8%和33.6%.TNO₃浓度日变化呈现双峰特征,上午峰值来自于细颗粒态NO₃^-增加,由交通早高峰排放NO_x转化生成所致;白天光化学反应使TNO₃的3个部分浓度均增加,TNO₃在下午17：00达到全天峰值.相关分析表明,低温有利于NO₃^-以NH₄NO₃存在于细颗粒态;TNO₃浓度较高时,细颗粒态NO₃^-占比亦升高.     

徐州市气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5相关性及年周期特征

基于徐州市2014～2017年气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、地面监测站PM_(2.5)浓度及气象数据,构建经标高订正的AOD(AOD/H)与经湿度订正的PM_(2.5)(PM_(2.5)×f_((RH)))之间的5种不同类型的拟合模型,分析两者在不同季节的相关性;同时利用经验模态分解对AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))进行周期变化分析。结果表明:AOD与PM_(2.5)浓度直接相关程度较低,经过订正后两者的相关程度显著提高;选取乘幂模型为最优拟合模型,利用乘幂模型估计得到的PM_(2.5)浓度与地面监测的经湿度订正的PM_(2.5)浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数在四季分别达到0.752、0.650、0.808和0.942;利用经验模态分解分析得到AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))具有显著的年周期变化特征,均在冬季出现高值,后逐渐降低,在6月前后出现极小值,到秋季又逐渐增大;AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))年变化特征表现出很高的一致性(r=0.888),表明在徐州地区AOD/H对PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))在年周期尺度变化特征研究中能起到良好的指示作用。     

上海交通沿线农田土壤中PAHs分布特征及源解析

为探讨交通干线对周围农田土壤环境中16种优先多环芳烃（PAHs）累积的影响,采集了上海市交通干线旁与道路垂向分布的70个农田土壤表层样品及2个土壤柱样品,系统分析了土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量、组成及来源.结果表明上海交通干线旁农田表层土壤PAHs含量范围为23.16~21250.25ng/g,平均值为928.16ng/g,且随着与防护林距离的增加呈现出先下降后增加而后又下降的趋势,农田土壤柱中PAHs含量则表现出随着距土壤深度的增加而上升的趋势.基于正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型及特征因子比值法的来源辨析结果,表明表层土壤和土壤柱中的PAHs均主要来源于煤、生物质的燃烧及交通排放.     

灞河流域DOM荧光光谱特征及其对细菌组成的影响

为了探讨溶解性有机质（DOM）来源组成对细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,以及细菌群落结构在控制DOM组成及降解中的作用,本研究基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）技术研究了灞河水体枯水期（12月）DOM的荧光组分特征及空间分布变化;采用高通量测序技术分析了水体中细菌群落特征.结果表明：灞河水体DOM荧光组分中含有3个腐殖质类组分（C1：240,320/400nm;C2：260-295/478-504nm;C5：240/480nm）和2个蛋白类组分（C3：240,272~284/350~360nm;C4：255~275/326~336nm）,5组分之间相关性较好,表明这2类荧光组分具有相似的来源属性;灞河水体门水平中相对丰度最高的为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,54.22%）,其次为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,19.40%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,12.28%）、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria,6.46%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria,3.13%）;河流水体中的营养盐含量、水温、电导率及pH值均对细菌群落组成有一定影响.DOM各组分与浮游菌群表现出一定相关关系,且腐殖类和蛋白类组分沿河流纵向梯度对比明显,不同细菌群落对DOM的质量和不稳定性可能有不同的反应.本研究可为河流生物地球化学过程对微生物种群组成和功能影响的研究提供一定的基础数据.     

基于因子分析法的庐山文化遗产旅游竞争力评价研究

文化遗产是我国遗产资源最重要的组成部分之一,发展文化遗产旅游对文化遗产的开发与保护有着至关重要的影响,研究文化遗产旅游竞争力是为了更好地发展文化遗产旅游.从影响文化遗产旅游竞争力的因素着手,构建了文化遗产旅游竞争力的综合评价指标体系,运用因子分析法对其进行定量评价,结合庐山进行实例分析,建立相应的综合评价模型,提出了提升庐山文化遗产旅游竞争力的建议.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.