安全生产中的力学原理

在工程建设中，施工作业人员和安全监督员掌握必要的力学知识，对于搞好安全生产，防止盲目蛮干有着重要的现实意义。本文结合实例，从结构受力角度分析了因缺乏力学常识而导致伤亡事故的原因。掌握力学知识，提高施工企业整体素质的提高是搞好安全生产的前提。     

Projected Climate Change Effects on Winterkill in Shallow Lakes in the Northern United States

2 was obtained from the output of the Canadian Climate Center General Circulation Model. To illustrate the effect of projected climate change on lake DO characteristics, we present herein DO information simulated, respectively, with inputs of past climate conditions (1961–1979) and with a projected 2 × CO₂ climate scenario, as well as differences of those values. Specific parameters obtained were minimum under-ice and lake bottom DO concentration in winter, duration of under-ice anoxic conditions (<0.1 mg/liter) and low DO conditions (<3 mg/liter), and percentage of anoxic and low DO lake volumes during the ice cover period. Under current climate conditions winterkill occurs typically in shallow eutrophic lakes of the northern contiguous United States. Climate warming is projected to eliminate winterkill in these lakes. This would be a positive effect of climate warming. Fish species under ice may still experience periods of stress and zero growth due to low DO (<3 mg/liter) conditions under projected climate warming.     

Retention of organic and inorganic chemicals by the drainage/supply piping material

A critical issue facing the turfgrass industry is the environmental fate and transport of organic and inorganic chemicals used on golf courses. The fate and distribution of those chemicals are strongly influenced by sorptive interactions with soil and sediment. In this study, the drainage and water supply piping material (used for construction of a prototype encapsulated golf green) was utilized to determine its potential sorption of three organic chemicals [2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid] (2,4-D), naphthalene and toluene and nitrate. Crushed piping material (small-to-large particle sizes) was evaluated. Isotherms were constructed using a batch equilibration technique. The results showed that the drainage/supply piping material at small particle sizes (<2.5 mm) has higher sorptive ability compared to soil (1.7 for 2,4-D and 13.4 for naphthalene). The K(F) value was 44, 253 and 70 for 2,4-D, naphthalene and toluene, respectively. K(oc) values were much higher than those of peat and soil at lower equilibrium concentrations. However, sorption decreased dramatically with increasing particle size (approaching zero at particle size 10 mm), due to reduction of surface areas and sorption sites. Sorption of NO(3)-N by the piping material was negligible. We concluded that sorption by intact drainage/supply piping material would not affect the recycling efficiency of pesticides and nutrients in the constructed encapsulated green. Conversely, drainage/supply piping material particles smaller than 2.5 mm in diameter can effectively be utilized as a filtering material.     

三峡工程对洞庭湖区滩地出露天数的影响

通过分析洞庭湖区 8个代表水文站 37年 11× 10 4 个逐日水位数据 ,研究了湖区不同时期滩地出露天数的变化规律 ,根据三峡工程建成前后与建成初期典型年逐日水位数据库资料 ,分析了三峡工程建成后 ,湖区各代表水文站水位的变化 ,在以上研究基础上 ,预测了三峡工程对湖区滩地出露天数的影响。认为 :三峡工程建成后初期 ,滩地出露天数变化的是低位滩地 ,中位滩地出露天数有一定变化 ,高位滩地基本不变 ;1～ 5月低位滩地和 6月中位滩地的出露天数都减少 ,7～ 9月出露情况不变 ,10～ 11月中低位滩地出露天数增加值大 ,12月出露天数变化小 ;其中东洞庭湖区和南洞庭湖区的横岭湖区滩地变化大。建成后中长期 ,所有高程滩地出露天数将逐渐增加。     

粪固醇作为海洋环境中粪便污染指示物的研究

在建立一种气相色谱/质谱选择离子模式(GC/MS-SIM)测定污水、沉积物样品中粪固醇的检测方法的基础上,构建8个粪固醇比值指数,表征不同动物粪便的污染来源,探讨污水和沉积物中不同粪固醇对海洋环境污染的指示作用。结果表明,不同粪固醇可以作为污水、沉积物中不同来源粪便的指示物。     

添加液促进电动法修复苯胺污染砂土的试验研究

室内模拟研究结果表明,电动修复苯胺污染土壤的过程中,添加液的加入对实验结果有较大影响。当腐植酸浓度大于临界胶束浓度时,起表面活性剂的作用,使苯胺在土壤中迁移增强并在距阳极80～90mm富集。土壤中均匀加入Tween80或β-环糊精后,苯胺在3取样点富集,但富集浓度后者是前者的1．28倍,且污染物有向阴极迁移的趋势。     

高锰酸盐复合剂强化混凝对水中天然有机物的去除机制研究

利用流动电流、絮凝脉动颗粒检测技术、分子量分布及XAD树脂分类技术对高锰酸盐复合剂强化混凝去除水中天然有机物的机制进行了研究.结果表明,高锰酸盐复合剂提高了硫酸铝的混凝效果,投加0.75 mg/L高锰酸盐复合剂后,较单独投加硫酸铝对天然有机物的去除率可提高13个百分点.流动电流(SC)检测结果表明,高锰酸盐复合剂使有机物表面所带的负电性减弱,稳定性降低.如单独投加60 mg/L硫酸铝时SC值为55.2,而投加0.50、 0.75和1.0 mg/L的高锰酸盐复合剂预氧化处理后,SC值分别升高至61.4、 69.6和87.0.投加高锰酸盐复合剂后,絮凝指数增加,表明高锰酸盐复合剂及反应过程中生成的新生态水合二氧化锰对混凝起到了强化作用.分子质量分布及XAD树脂分类结果表明,高锰酸盐复合剂提高了混凝过程对小分子质量和亲水性有机物的去除能力,如硫酸铝混凝后亲水性有机物的含量为1.90 mg/L,而投加高锰酸盐复合剂后,可使其含量降至1.32 mg/L.     

无机阴离子对CuO-H_2O_2氧化苯酚废水的影响

以苯酚为模型底物,研究了中性低温常压条件下无机阴离子对CuO-H2O2氧化苯酚废水的影响及机制.结果表明,CuO-H2O2能高效彻底氧化苯酚,10 min氧化率达94.7%,氧化遵循羟基自由基机制.无机阴离子对氧化效果有不同影响,浓度越高影响越显著.HCO-3加速H2O2的无效分解,当浓度从0增加到20 mmol·L-1 时,H2O2分解速率常数由0.3738 min-1提高到0.5347 min-1,TOC去除速率常数由0.267 min-1下降到0.0194 min-1.HPO2-4通过抑制H2O2分解实现对苯酚的氧化抑制,H2O2分解速率常数及TOC去除速率常数分别由0.3738 min-1、0.267 min-1降低到0.0338 min-1、 0.0338 min-1.Cl-能够促进H2O2有效分解,对苯酚氧化有利,H2O2分解速率常数及TOC去除速率常数分别由0.3738 min-1、0.267 min-1提高到0.6040 min-1、0.3879 min-1.NO-3、SO2-4对H2O2的分解及苯酚的氧化影响不大.     

负载型纳米铁吸附剂去除饮用水中As(Ⅲ)的研究

以活性炭为载体,利用液相还原方法制备了一种负载型纳米铁吸附剂,载入量(Fe/炭)为82.0 mg/g.纳米铁在活性炭孔内呈针状,其直径为30～500 nm,长度为1?000～3?000 nm.该吸附剂在pH 6.5,(25±2)℃,As(Ⅲ)初始浓度为2 mg/Ｌ,吸附剂用量为1.0 g/Ｌ时,As(Ⅲ)的去除率为99.86%,吸附剂的砷吸附容量为1.997 mg/g;吸附速率在前12 h较快,可达94.3%,72 h达到吸附平衡.吸附过程中As(Ⅲ)部分被吸附剂氧化.PO^３－₄、SiO^２－_３对As(Ⅲ)的去除抑制较大,而SO^２－₄、CO^２－_３、C₂Ｏ^２－₄等离子对砷的去除影响较小.吸附平衡后的吸附剂可以用0.1 mol/Ｌ NaOH溶液洗脱再生,再生效率较高.室内实验数据表明,该吸附剂在饮用水除砷领域具有较好的应用前景.     

FISH技术定量解析亚硝酸盐氧化菌的条件优化

利用基于亚硝酸盐氧化菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,NOB)16S rRNA序列的荧光探针,优化了针对亚硝酸盐氧化菌的FISH技术实验条件.确定了FISH技术定量检测亚硝酸盐氧化菌的具体方法,并优化了样品预处理的实验条件为热固定2h,4%多聚甲醛固定15min,乙醇脱水5min;杂交过程的实验条件为杂交温度46℃,杂交时间3h,洗脱液中NaCl浓度为60mmol·L-1.运用建立的FISH技术检测了7d内亚硝酸盐氧化菌菌群的丰度变化,充分显示了荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization,FISH)的快速定性定量检测优势.