上海市生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈及对策思考

梳理了上海市生活垃圾分类减量的管理工作,就推进生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈进行了阐述,并提出了促进生活垃圾分类减量的对策。     

A2O-MBR 工艺处理城市污水作农业灌溉用水中试研究简

为开发一种污水再生利用于农田灌溉领域的新型技术,本实验以城市污水为研究对象,采用A²O-MBR工艺进行中试研究,并将系统出水水质与《农田灌溉水质标准（GB5084-2005）》的主要水质指标进行对比分析。结果表明,系统COD和BOD₅出水浓度范围分别为3.2~59.6 mg/L、1.0~7.6 mg/L,系统出水pH为7.16~7.54,悬浮物浓度几乎为0,上述指标均符合标准;TP、TN和氨氮的出水范围分别为0.03~0.79 mg/L、1.6~17.7 mg/L和0.8~10.3 mg/L。《农田灌溉水质标准》没有对上述3个指标提出具体要求,且少量的氮磷是植物生长的营养元素。该系统出水的主要水质指标符合标准要求。     

An investigation of inorganic antimony species and antimony associated with soil humic acid molar mass fractions in contaminated soils

The presence of antimony compounds is often suspected in the soil of apple orchards contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide and in the soil of shooting ranges. Nitric acid (1M) extractable Sb from the shooting range (8300 microg kg(-1)) and the apple orchard (69 microg kg(-1)) had considerably higher surface Sb levels than the control site (<1.5 microg kg(-1)), and Sb was confined to the top approximately 30 cm soil layer. Sb(V) was the principal species in the shooting range and the apple orchard surface soils. Size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) analysis of humic acids isolated from the two contaminated soils demonstrated that Sb has complexed to humic acid molar mass fractions. The results also indicate that humic acids have the ability to arrest the mobility of Sb through soils and would be beneficial in converting Sb(III) to a less toxic species, Sb(V), in contaminated areas.     

The composition, trend and impact of urban solid waste in Beijing

This paper provides an overview of the trend of generation, composition, and management of municipal solid waste, and estimates the carbon emissions arising from municipal solid waste management in Beijing. The correlation analysis conducted shows that the generation of municipal solid waste in Beijing has been growing steadily, showing high correlations (r > 0.9) to the total GDP, per capita income, and the population. Food waste showed an increasing trend since 1990. Compared with the results of an investigation in 1990, ash and woodchips content in 2003 declined from 56% to 17%, while the percentage of paper and plastic increased from 10% to 29% over the same period. The calorific value of the municipal waste also increased, from 2,686 kJ/kg in 1990 to 4,667 kJ/kg in 2003, indicating that the waste is suitable for incineration. Currently, the source separation ratio of municipal waste is approximately 15%. About 94% of all the collected solid waste goes to the landfill while 4% is composted and 2% is incinerated. A moderate garbage collection fee is applied to both permanent and temporary residents in Beijing, but the willingness to pay for solid waste collection and treatment is still low. Under current treatment mode, the total amounts of carbon emission from waste disposal sites and incineration increased with the increase of municipal solid waste, from 29.8 Gg in 1990 to 84.5 Gg in 2003, including 83.3 Gg of CH₄ and 22.0 Gg of CO₂. The data availability and methodological challenges in monitoring the quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste are discussed.     

MSBR 7池工艺除磷影响因素的试验研究

在正交试验确定的相对最佳操作条件的基础上,对MSBR7池工艺除磷影响因素进行了研究,结果表明:在本试验选定的因素中,对系统除磷影响的主次顺序为COD/P>R>MLSS>COD/N;工艺要求COD/P>60,COD/N>7,但是过高的COD/P也会导致TP去除率下降;在R为0.6时系统除磷效果最好;进水COD浓度过低或过高都会导致系统除磷效果下降.     

铜导线短路熔痕微观形貌特征分析与研究

采用模拟实验的方法制备了铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕,利用KYKY-2800B型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕的微观形貌进行了观察,并对内部气孔的数量、大小、分布等进行了统计分析,发现了一次短路气孔的数量、分布与二次短路之间的差别与长期采用的鉴定依据不同.     

钼矿尾矿区蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量分析与生态风险预警评估

研究钼矿尾矿区周边菜地土壤的重金属污染现状及生态风险.选取20个钼矿尾矿区周边受污染菜地的土壤样本,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,采用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量并分析其存在形态,进行生态风险预警评估.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量的分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态(Pb、Zn氧化结合态>有机结合态,Hg有机结合态=酸可提取态>氧化结合态);菜地土壤的生态风险指数,IEH=80.62,其预警类型为重警;主要重金属污染为Cd、Hg、Cr污染并伴有Zn、Ni、Cu污染;Hg的酸可提取态所占比例较大,可能影响农作物的正常生长;重金属污染可能来自尾矿石中重金属的释放,并与污灌及化学农药的使用有一定关系.研究为清除或减轻土壤重金属污染、修复和改良已污染土壤提供参考依据.     

凹凸棒土改性方法研究进展

介绍了凹凸土矿物特性、资源概况,综述了凹凸土各种改性方法和研究进展。根据应用凹凸土的不同目的而采用不同的改性方法和改性剂,可相应改善其性能。     

Preparation of a titanium dioxide photocatalyst codoped with cerium and iodine and its performance in the degradation of oxalic acid

A novel class of visible light-activated photocatalysts was prepared by codoping TiO(2) with cerium and iodine (Ce-I-TiO(2)). The particles were characterized using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Visible light absorption. Particles of Ce-I-TiO(2) had greater photoabsorption in the 400-800 nm wavelength range than iodine-doped TiO(2) (I-TiO(2)). The effects on the photocatalytic degradation of oxalic acid under visible light or UV-Visible light irradiation were investigated. The photocatalytic activity of Ce-I-TiO(2) calcined at 673 K was significantly higher than that of Ce-I-TiO(2) calcined at 773 K and I-TiO(2) calcined at 673 K in aqueous oxalic acid solution under visible light or UV-Visible light irradiation. Under visible light irradiation, oxalic acid was first adsorbed on the surface of the catalysts rather than reacted with free radicals in the bulk solution, and then oxidized by (·)OH(ads) to CO(2), which was verified by studying the effects of nitrogen purging and scavengers, as well as by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.     

Carbon source/sink function of a subtropical, eutrophic lake determined from an overall mass balance and a gas exchange and carbon burial balance

Although studies on carbon burial in lake sediments have shown that lakes are disproportionately important carbon sinks, many studies on gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface have demonstrated that lakes are supersaturated with CO(2) and CH(4) causing a net release of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere. In order to more accurately estimate the net carbon source/sink function of lake ecosystems, a more comprehensive carbon budget is needed, especially for gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface. Using two methods, overall mass balance and gas exchange and carbon burial balance, we assessed the carbon source/sink function of Lake Donghu, a subtropical, eutrophic lake, from April 2003 to March 2004. With the overall mass balance calculations, total carbon input was 14 905 t, total carbon output was 4950 t, and net carbon budget was +9955 t, suggesting that Lake Donghu was a great carbon sink. For the gas exchange and carbon burial balance, gaseous carbon (CO(2) and CH(4)) emission across the water-air interface totaled 752 t while carbon burial in the lake sediment was 9477 t. The ratio of carbon emission into the atmosphere to carbon burial into the sediment was only 0.08. This low ratio indicates that Lake Donghu is a great carbon sink. Results showed good agreement between the two methods with both showing Lake Donghu to be a great carbon sink. This results from the high primary production of Lake Donghu, substantive allochthonous carbon inputs and intensive anthropogenic activity. Gaseous carbon emission accounted for about 15% of the total carbon output, indicating that the total output would be underestimated without including gaseous carbon exchange.