SIMULATING THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN IN A COLD CLIMATE WITH ADAPT1

ABSTRACT: Surface and subsurface drainage make crop production economically viable in much of southern Minnesota because drainage allows timely field operations and protects field crops from extended periods of flooded soil conditions. However, subsurface drainage has been shown to increase nitrate/nitrogen losses to receiving waters. When engaging in drainage activities, farmers are increasingly being asked to consider, apart from the economic profit, the environmental impact of drainage. The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model (ADAPT) was used in this study to evaluate the impact of subsurface drainage design on the soil water balance over a two‐year period during which observed drainage discharge data were available. Twelve modeling scenarios incorporated four drainage coefficients (DC), 0.64 cm/d, 0.95 cm/d, 1.27 cm/d, and 1.91 cm/d, and three drain depths, 0.84 m, 1.15 m, and 1.45 m. The baseline condition corresponded to the drainage system specifications at the field site: a drain depth and spacing of 1.45 m and 28 m, respectively (DC of 0.64 cm/d). The results of the two‐year simulation suggested that for a given drainage coefficient, soils with the shallower drains (but equal DC) generally have less subsurface drainage and can produce more runoff (but reduced total discharge) and evapotranspiration. The results also suggested that it may be possible to design for both water/nitrate/nitrogen reduction and crop water needs.     

生态足迹模型的修正及在天津地区的应用探讨

文章介绍了生态足迹模型,指出了存在的缺陷并从四个方面进行了相应的修正:分别计算生产足迹、输入输出足迹以进行生态足迹来源的分析;将淡水资源足迹纳入模型;计算生态承载力时结合资源产出法以克服生态足迹模型的空间互斥性;计算CO2吸收用地的生态承载力。将改进后的模型应用于天津市2003年的生态足迹分析。结果显示:天津市消费足迹大于生产足迹,依赖外部输入资源抵消部分生态赤字,这一点在淡水足迹的输入上尤其明显;另外,生态承载力的计算结果要大于传统算法的结果,一方面因为传统算法中承载力由于空间互斥性被低估,另一方面修正后的模型考虑了CO2吸收用地的承载力。最后,提出了缓解天津市生态压力实现可持续发展的若干建议。     

非热等离子体与催化相结合去除气相低浓度苯系物

利用串齿线-简体构成的等离子体反应器,研究了非热等离子体及其与Pt/Al2O3或Mn/Al2O3催化剂组合作用下的苯系物转化率、COx产率和O3生成情况.结果表明.苯系物转化率排序为对二甲苯＞甲苯＞苯.产生非热等离子体的放电区后接Pt/Al2O3或Mn/Al2O3催化剂可提高苯系物的转化率,并使达到相同转化率所对应的电压降低1～2kV,等离子体与催化剂之间表现出明显的协同效应.非热等离子体放电与Pt/Al2O3或Mn/Al2O3催化剂组合后也有利于苯系物向COx转化及去除放电产生的O3,可使最大COx产率从80%分别提高到86%和100%,而反应器出口的最大O3浓度则从707mg·m-3分别降至339mg·dm-3和39mg·dm-3.经过等离子体反应器、催化剂以及两者组合方式的优化,等离子体放电协同Mn/Al2O3催化剂工艺有望成为处理气相低浓度有机物的实用方法.     

电动力学技术修复苯酚污染土壤的研究

用电动力学技术对苯酚污染砂土的修复进行了实验研究.探讨了苯酚污染砂土电动力学修复的可行性及在不同电场强度下苯酚的迁移特征和机制.研究了采用添加阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和控制液(柠檬酸和NaOH)等对迁移效果的影响,以及苯酚在砂土中的迁移和分布规律.实验结果表明,在电场作用下苯酚在砂土中发生富集.在电场强度为2.0V/cm时的苯酚富集效果明显,比在电场强度为0.5 V/cm时苯酚多增加30%,且向阳极的迁移距离增大了12 cm;在阴极添加不同浓度的LAS,苯酚在砂土中的富集效果不同,LAS浓度越大向阳极迁移得越快富集效果越明显,当LAS为0.046 0 mol/L时苯酚最高增加了143%;向阳极添加NaOH,苯酚在阳极区增加了136%,比向阴极添加柠檬酸的效果明显.     

剩余污泥厌氧共消化技术研究现状及应用趋势

污水处理厂碳中和运行目标使得剩余污泥厌氧消化产CH4途径重获新生。然而,剩余污泥量取决于进水中有机物（COD）浓度,而我国污水碳源低的特点决定了不可能仅靠剩余污泥转化能源便完全满足碳中和运行目标。研究显示,多种外源有机废弃物与剩余污泥厌氧共消化可以取得“1+1>2”的能量转化效果,这就为我国污水处理厂碳中和运行提供了一种潜在能量来源。在简述剩余污泥厌氧共消化技术特性的基础上,对7种典型外源有机废弃物与剩余污泥共消化试验研究进行了归纳,同时列举国外6个业已实现碳中和运行的污水处理厂共消化应用实例,充分说明外源有机废弃物与剩余污泥共消化的工程应用前景。虽然我国目前环境政策限制了污泥厌氧共消化的工程化进程,但污泥与餐厨垃圾、市政修剪花草/树木、旱厕粪便等几种基质共消化将会是共消化的未来研究方向,更是综合解决市政有机固体废弃物的现实需要。     

交流电场联合有机物料强化东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤

针对土壤重金属污染植物修复效率低的问题,采用盆栽实验,通过施加多种强度的交流电场(0、0.5、1.0 V·cm⁻¹)和不同种类的有机物料(黄腐酸钾、紫云英),研究了交流电场及其与有机物料联合对重金属超积累植物东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤效率的作用。结果表明,交流电场促进了东南景天的生长和对重金属的吸收,以0.5 V·cm⁻¹作用最佳,在电场处理组20 d后东南景天地上部Cd积累量比不施加电场的处理组提高了48.1%。交流电场和有机物料联用可以进一步提升东南景天对土壤镉的累积,施加黄腐酸钾处理组有利于土壤酸可提取态Cd的提高,比对照组提高了16.35%。在交流电场为0.5 V·cm⁻¹条件下,以0.3%施用效果最佳,施加黄腐酸钾和紫云英分别是对照组(施加交流电场,不施加有机物料)的3.65倍和1.73倍。有机物料和交流电场的共同作用极大地促进了东南景天镉的积累。     

混装制剂类制药行业污染特征与控制标准研究

对混装制剂类制药工业污染物的产生和排放特征进行了调研,对国内外相关标准进行了比较分析,分析了混装制剂类制药行业污染物排放标准的达标情况。提出了大气污染物排放标准的控制项目和建议。     

太原市城市化发展对城市气温变化影响的定量化研究

采用位于同一纬度的太原气象站与远郊区农村气象站获取的1957年-2014年的气象数据,用皮尔卡森相关系数、一元线性回归、城市化影响分析等方法研究了在全球气候变暖背景下城市地区气温变化趋势以及城市化影响.结果表明:城市年平均气温升高趋势明显高于农村;城市年极端高温与农村极端高温升高趋势差异不明显;城市年极端低温升高趋势显著高于农村.就城市化影响而言,城市化对年平均气温、年极端低温趋势影响明显,但对年极端高温趋势影响微弱.     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.     

光合细菌及活性污泥法联用工艺处理明胶废水试验

研究了光合细菌(photo-synthetic bacteria,简称PSB)及活性污泥法联用工艺处理明胶生产过程中产生的高浓度有机废水的可行性。经过光合细菌及活性污泥先后次序的变换,得出了最优处理工艺。结果表明:"PSB+活性污泥"工艺、"活性污泥+PSB"工艺COD去除率平均值分别为94.7%和96.0%;"活性污泥+PSB"工艺有较强的去除钙质和耐冲击负荷的能力,该工艺适合处理此种含高钙、高氯、高碱明胶的废水。