上海市PM2.5的物理化学特征及其生物活性研究

采集了上海市区和郊区春季和夏季的大气PM_2.5样品,分析了市区和郊区春夏2季PM_2.5质量浓度变化的规律,使用PIXE(Proton Induced X-ray Emission)分析技术获得S、K、Ca、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Sr、Pb等15种元素的质量浓度.结果表明,上海PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度在春季　(5?038.6 ng·m^-3) 比在夏季 (3?810.6 ng·m^-3) 高,春季郊区(2?528.9 ng·m^-3) 和市区(2?509.7 ng·m^-3) PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度相当,夏季市区样品 (1?674.2 ng·m^-3) 中化学元素质量浓度的总量比郊区(2?136.3 ng·m^-3) 的低,但来自人为污染的化学元素 (Cr、Mn、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Sr、Pb) 在市区PM_2.5中的含量较高;场发射扫描电镜 (FESEM) 分析显示,上海PM_2.5主要由烟尘集合体、燃煤飞灰、矿物颗粒、生物质颗粒和不明物质组成,质粒DNA评价揭示上海市区PM_2.5比郊区的具有更强的生物活性,主要原因可能在于市区样品中含有较高的重金属元素和较多的烟尘集合体．     

北黄海大气多环芳烃干沉降通量研究

在北黄海沿岸的獐子岛、老虎滩和小麦岛进行为期1 a的大气采样,分析了大气颗粒物和气相中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,计算了其沉降通量.结果表明,三个采样点PAHs干沉降通量分别为10 196 ng/(m2·d)(獐子岛)、16 749ng/(m2·d)(老虎滩)和18 982 ng/(m2·d)(小麦岛),且气态P...     

浅析污染源自动监测系统应用现状与发展思路

通过对污染自动监测系统应用现状和存在问题进行了分析,提出了污染源自动监测系统今后的发展思路。     

镁离子浓度对SBR生物除磷系统的影响

通过不投加镁离子（R1）、投加8 mg/L镁离子（R2）以及投加24 mg/L镁离子（R3）,分析镁离子对SBR生物除磷体系的影响.结果表明,适量镁离子的添加会加速聚磷菌的富集,有助于维持生物除磷系统的稳定运行.在稳定运行阶段,镁离子不充足的系统（R1）磷酸盐去除率逐渐下降至50%以下,系统呈恶化趋势,而在镁离子充足的...     

Adsorptive removal of hydrophobic organic compounds by carbonaceous adsorbents: A comparative study of waste-polymer-based, coal-based activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes

Adsorption of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on five different carbonaceous materials was compared. The adsorbents included three polymer-based activated carbons, one coal-based activated carbon (F400) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The polymerbased activated carbons were prepared using KOH activation from waste polymers: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and tire rubber (TR). Compared with F400 and MWNT, activated carbons derived from PVC and PET exhibited fast adsorption kinetics and high adsorption capacity toward the HOCs, attributed to their extremely large hydrophobic surface area (2700 m²/g) and highly mesoporous structures. Adsorption of small-sized TCE was stronger on the tire-rubber-based carbon and F400 resulting from the pore-filling effect. In contrast, due to the molecular sieving effect, their adsorption on HCH was lower. MWNT exhibited the lowest adsorption capacity toward HOCs because of its low surface area and characteristic of aggregating in aqueous solution.     

盘溪河ToxScreen-Ⅱ测试法水体毒性沿程变化特征分析

应用ToxScreen-Ⅱ毒性分析仪发光细菌法对盘溪河水样进行毒性测试,分析其毒性沿程变化特征以及对嘉陵江水质的影响。结果表明,受污染物、流速、溶解氧等因素的影响,盘溪河水体生物毒性沿程表现出从无到有再到无的变化过程;虽然d3、d4、d5水体为微毒性,但入河口d7无毒性水体对嘉陵江水质影响较低。鉴于该仪器具有携带方便、操作简单、测试速度快、抗干扰力强等优点,建议在我市污染事故水体急性毒性分析及区域水质毒性变化预警监测中推广使用。     

气氛对快速催化热解生物质的影响

通过测定两种气氛下(氮气和二氧化碳)的催化热解(HZSM-5为催化剂)的产率,并利用气质联用仪(GC/MS)分析热解油的成分,研究这两种热解气氛对快速催化热解生物质(玉米杆)的产率和液体产物的影响差异。结果表明:改变热解气氛对结果产生明显影响,CO2气氛对催化热解不利,该气氛下的固液气产率分别为30.30%,37.89%,31.81%,CO2促使快速催化热解的液体产量降低,促进水相产物的生成。对催化热解油的分析发现CO2气氛抑制了HZSM-5的去氧和芳香化催化作用,同时促进稠环芳烃的生成,使产物结构复杂化。     

石家庄市大气降尘重金属元素来源分析

在石家庄市采集了51件大气降尘样品,对其重金属来源进行了解析。主要针对样品所含有的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素,进行相关性、富集因子及主成分分析。通过分析表明Pb与Cr、As、Hg、Ni相关性明显,Cr元素主要来源于土壤颗粒,As、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu元素可能叠加工业污染,Hg、Cd污染严重,Pb元素主要受到燃煤和交通污染。重金属元素的空间分布表明市区含量低,二环外含量高,受交通和废气污染较重。     

Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on Scenedesmus obliquus

In this article, the toxic effects of Enrofloxacin (ENFX) on Scenedesmus obliquus were studied, through investigating the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and protein contents. The possible toxic mechanisms of ENFX were analyzed by determining the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and superoxide anion (O₂⁻) generation rate. Results showed that the growth of algae was inhibited by ENFX and the 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of ENFX were 88.39, 63.86, 45.10, and 59.16 mg·L⁻¹, respectively. After treated with ENFX for 96 h, the contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased with the increase of ENFX concentration, the content of soluble protein and the activity of SOD increased and then decreased, and the generation rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) increased continually. The contents of MDA and proline changed little in lower ENFX concentration groups, but increased rapidly when treated with higher concentration groups. These results suggested that ENFX affected the growth of S. obliquus, and the main toxicity mechanism was that algal cells generated the reactive oxygen species under ENFX stress, and then the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced the oxidation damages of biologic macromolecules and changed the biomembrane permeability further.     

突发大气环境污染事件应急处置阶段环境损害评估方法探索

以某天然气泄漏污染事件为例,构建了一套突发大气环境污染事件应急处置阶段环境损害的量化评估方法.从应急处置费用、生态环境损害两方面量化了该事件造成的环境污染损害.