基于人员心理-环境因素的火灾疏散速度修正方法研究

为探究人在火灾环境下的行为心理对疏散效率的影响,基于火灾下人员行为心理特征具有复杂、抽象、难以直接量化的特性,通过模糊逻辑方法,应用模糊集合、模糊规则和隶属度函数量化人的行为心理,研究其对疏散速度的影响;考虑火灾烟气和群体行为对疏散的影响,通过对高层建筑火灾状况下的烟气进行数值分析,并运用公式法得出人员的疏散速度折减值;以某高层商业建筑火灾疏散为例,将修正后人员的疏散速度和疏散路径引入疏散分析并与未修正的结果进行比较。结果表明:未修正的商业建筑疏散时间为470 s,修正后的疏散时间为670 s,修正后的疏散时间更长,人员危险性更大。     

电动汽车充电桩现场安全问题的研究

国家为了更好地普及电动汽车,首先推进了公共停车位和充电桩的建设。本文依据充电桩的国家标准和能源局标准,对在役充电桩的现场安全问题进行剖析,为在役充电设施主管部门的监管提供理论支持,为充电设施产业的健康长远发展提供理论依据。     

Adsorption characteristics of ciprofloxacin onto g-MoS2 coated biochar nanocomposites

• The g-MoS₂ coated composites (g-MoS₂-BC) were synthesized. • The coated g-MoS₂ greatly increased the adsorption ability of biochar. • The synergistic effect was observed for CIP adsorption on g-MoS₂-RC700. • The adsorption mechanisms of CIP on g-MoS₂-BC were proposed. The g-MoS₂ coated biochar (g-MoS₂-BC) composites were synthesized by coating original biochar with g-MoS₂ nanosheets at 300°C(BC300)/700°C (BC700). The adsorption properties of the g-MoS₂-BC composites for ciprofloxacin (CIP) were investigated with an aim to exploit its high efficiency toward soil amendment. The specific surface area and the pore structures of biochar coated g-MoS₂ nanosheets were significantly increased. The g-MoS₂-BC composites provided more π electrons, which was favorable in enhancing the π-π electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions between CIP and biochar. As a result, the g-MoS₂-BC composites showed faster adsorption rate and greater adsorption capacity for CIP than the original biochar. The coated g-MoS₂ nanosheets contributed more to CIP adsorption on the g-MoS₂-BC composites due to their greater CIP adsorption capacity than the original biochar. Moreover, the synergistic effect was observed for CIP adsorption on g-MoS₂-BC700, and suppression effect on g-MoS₂-BC300. In addition, the adsorption of CIP onto g-MoS₂-BC composites also exhibited strong dependence on the solution pH, since it can affect both the adsorbent surface charge and the speciation of contaminants. It was reasonably suggested that the mechanisms of CIP adsorption on g-MoS₂-BC composites involved pore-filling effects, π-π EDA interaction, electrostatic interaction, and ion exchange interaction. These results are useful for the modification of biochar in exploiting the novel amendment for contaminated soils.     

Soil biological characteristic,nutrient contents and stoichiometry as affected by different types of remediation in a smelter-impacted soil

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the ecological risk reductions of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) and the change of nutrient contents and stoichiometry in a smelter-impacted farmland in Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, with ～ 800?mg Cu kg^?1 soil and 0.8?mg Cd kg^?1 soil, an three years in situ experiment was conducted. The field trial consisted of 4 ×?5?m plots in a completely randomised block design. Hydroxyapatite was added at 10?g kg^?1 soil and Sedum plumbizincicola, Elsholtzia splendens, and Pennisetum sp. were planted. Post-treatment soil and plant samples were collected annually and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, soil carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus (C:N:P), and the stoichiometries of soil β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and acid phosphatase (AP) activity levels. The results indicated that the hydroxyapatite treatments significantly reduced Cu and Cd bioaccessibility as well as the ratio of C:P and N:P. Moreover, BG, NAG, and AP activity levels all increased relative to those in untreated soil. Plants may also influence soil BG, NAG, and AP activity. This study demonstrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by hydroxyapatite and phytoextraction is ecologically safe and can alter soil mineral nutrient ecological stoichiometry and enzyme activity.     

三亚河红树林自然保护区水环境-红树植物-沉积物重金属污染综合分析

以三亚河红树林自然保护区为研究区,在分析沉积物重金属污染及红树植物对重金属富集转运差异的基础上,探讨了保护区水环境、沉积物重金属和红树植物重金属间的联系及重金属污染来源。结果表明:(1)沉积物中Hg为极强污染,Pb、Zn和Cu为中等污染,其他重金属无污染;研究区整体的潜在生态风险指数为中等,其中Hg为主要贡献者。(2)保护区河段雨季水体污染物浓度明显高于干季,雨、干季水质总体均表现出中上段(A段)中间段(B段)出口段(C段);(3)3种红树植物对Cd均表现出强富集,对Pb表现为弱富集能力;(4)沉积物重金属和水质参数之间有显著的相关性,红树植物会影响沉积物中重金属形态,并通过主动运输方式富集和转移重金属。(5)研究区上游农业生产活动及市区交通和工厂企业综合排污是重金属的主要污染来源。     

贵州坝子土地利用显性和隐性转型实证研究

土地利用转型研究是当前研究热点,坝子是以高原山地为主的贵州省人类活动最为显著的区域,探讨贵州省坝子以耕地为主的土地利用转型与功能演变两者之间的相互作用关系具有重要意义。以1966～2016年的高分辨率遥感影像为主要数据源,结合实地调查,建立坝子土地利用功能分类体系,以贵州典型坝子涟江坝子为例,进行了坝子土地利用显性和隐性转型实证研究。结果表明:从1966～2016年,坝子经历了土地利用的显性转型和隐性转型,耕地转型与功能演变相互协同耦合变化阶段特征明显,其实质是坝子社会经济发展阶段转型下资源配置方式的转变主导而成。案例研究表明贵州坝子土地利用转型总体可分为粗放式阶段、粗放式向集约化过渡阶段、逐步集约化阶段和集约化增强阶段。"个体、政府和市场"3个层面和"文化、制度、社会经济、人口技术区位"4个重要因素是坝子土地利用转型的驱动控制系统。     

Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ,part I performance evaluation and seasonal variation

The U.S. EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with the process analysis tool is applied to China to study the seasonal variations and formation mechanisms of major air pollutants. Simulations show distinct seasonal variations, with higher surface concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM₁₀), column mass of carbon monoxide (CO) and NO₂, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in winter and fall than other seasons, and higher 1-h O₃ and troposphere ozone residual (TOR) in spring and summer than other seasons. Higher concentrations of most species occur over the eastern China, where the air pollutant emissions are the highest in China. Compared with surface observations, the simulated SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ concentrations are underpredicted throughout the year with NMBs of up to ?51.8%, ?32.0%, and ?54.2%, respectively. Such large discrepancies can be attributed to the uncertainties in emissions, simulated meteorology, and deviation of observations based on air pollution index. Max. 1-h O₃ concentrations in Jan. and Jul. at 36-km are overpredicted with NMBs of 12.0% and 19.3% and agree well in Apr. and Oct. Simulated column variables can capture the high concentrations over the eastern China and low values in the central and western China. Underpredictions occur over the northeastern China for column CO in Apr., TOR in Jul., and AODs in both Apr. and Jul.; and overpredictions occur over the eastern China for column CO in Oct., NO₂ in Jan. and Oct., and AODs in Jan. and Oct. The simulations at 12-km show a finer structure in simulated concentrations than that at 36-km over higher polluted areas, but do not always give better performance than 36-km. Surface concentrations are more sensitive to grid resolution than column variables except for column NO₂, with higher sensitivity over mountain and coastal areas than other regions.     

微电解联合物化法处理维生素B12难降解废水的研究

对使用微电解联合物化法处理维生素B12难降解废水进行了分析。通过实验研究了微电解联合物化法处理维生素B12废水的最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下,维生素B12废水色度去除达88.46%,COD去除率达到71.06%。该处理方法最后将污染物质直接吸附于改性膨润土上,不产生浓缩废水、酸碱废水等更加难以处理的废水,并且不带入有毒有害物质,可以有效降低水中污染物含量,减少后续生物处理设备的污染负荷。     

Biohydrogen production from dairy manures with acidification pretreatment by anaerobic fermentation

Background, aim, and scope  

Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy source and has been deemed as one of the most promising carriers of new energy for the future. From an engineering point of view, producing hydrogen by mixed cultures is generally preferred because of lower cost, ease of control, and the possible use of organic waste as feedstock. The biological hydrogen production has been intensively studied in recent decades. So far, most investigates of biohydrogen production are still confined to using pure carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich wastewater. Nowadays, the large amounts of livestock manure, which come from cattle feedlots, poultry, and swine buildings, are causing a major environmental issue because it has become a primary source of odors, gases, dust, and groundwater contamination. The increasingly stringent requirements for pollution control on livestock manures are challenging the scientific community to develop new waste treatment strategies. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop nonpolluting and renewable energy source utilizing the organic waste (e.g., livestock manure). It is well known that anaerobic digestion had successfully been used for the disposal of manures to produce methane in the last two decades. Recently, an alternative strategy has been developed to convert livestock manures (e.g., dairy manures) to biohydrogen as a high value-added clean energy source instead of methane. However, little information is available on hydrogen production from dairy manure via the mixed anaerobic microbe. As far as we know, the hydrogen production is habitually accompanied with production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which are also an optimal feedstock for production of methane by anaerobic digestion. Provided that the biohydrogen production from dairy manure is further combined with the anaerobic digestion of the effluent from the producing hydrogen reactor that would be a one-stone two-bird paradigm, it not only produces a clean and readily usable biologic energy but also cleans up simultaneously the environment in a sustainable fashion.