Effects of speed-control measures on the safety of unsignalized midblock street crossings in China

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different speed-control measures on the safety of unsignalized midblock street crossings.

Methods: In China, it is quite difficult to obtain traffic crash and conflict data for pedestrians using such crossings, mainly due to the lack of traffic data management and organizational issues. In light of this, the proposed method did not rely on such data, but considered vehicle speed, which is a leading contributing factor of pedestrian safety at mid blocks. To evaluate the speed reduction effects at different locations, the research team utilized the following methods in this study: (1) testing speed differences—on the basis of the collected data, statistical analysis is conducted to test the speed differences between upstream and crosswalk, upstream and downstream, and downstream and crosswalk; and (2) mean distribution deviation—this value is calculated by taking the difference in cumulative speed distributions for the two different samples just mentioned. In order to better understand the variation of speed reduction effects at different distances from speed-control facilities, data were collected from six types of speed-control measures with a visual range of 60 m.

Results: The results showed that speed humps, transverse rumble strips, and speed bumps were effective in reducing vehicle speeds. Among them speed humps performed the best, with reductions of 21.1% and 20.0% from upstream location (25.01 km/h) and downstream location (24.66 km/h) to pedestrian crosswalk (19.73 km/h), respectively. By contrast, the speed reduction effects were minimal for stop and yield signs, flashing yellow lights, and crossings without treatment.

Conclusions: Consequently, in order to reduce vehicle speeds and improve pedestrian safety at mid blocks, several speed-control measures such as speed humps, speed bumps, and transverse rumble strips are recommended to be deployed in the vicinity of pedestrian crosswalks.     

邻苯二甲酸酯降解细菌的多样性、降解机理及环境应用

邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)是一类对人体内分泌系统有干扰作用的持续性有机污染物(persistent organic pol utants,POPs)。PAEs在环境介质如水体、底泥和土壤中长期赋存会对生物体产生毒害效应,其分布广、浓度高和难降解等特点是限制有效环境治理的主要因素。作为环境的重要组成部分,微生物对污染物有很强的适应能力和高效的降解能力,这为PAEs的生物修复提供了可能。与物理化学修复法相比,微生物修复技术具有可控性强、修复面广和灵活性高等优势。本文综述了已报道的大部分PAEs降解细菌的种类及其代谢机制,并分析了其在PAEs污染水体和土壤修复中的应用现状与前景,以期为PAEs环境行为与生物修复研究提供参考。     

发酵液回流对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

针对厌氧发酵液回流可提高厌氧系统性能,而不适的回流比例又会造成系统酸化的现象,采用单相连续反应器研究了发酵液回流及不同回流比对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程的影响。结果表明:在1 gVS/L的有机负荷下进行三种比例(10%、30%、50%)的发酵液回流使系统日平均产气量比不回流阶段分别提高0.7%、13.0%、4.9%,且对气体甲烷含量无显著影响。回流使VFA降解更充分,也使系统缓冲能力得到调节,但在较高的回流比(50%)下会造成Na+积累从而抑制系统产气性能。     

Bimodal Cellular Structure Evolution in PBAT Foams Incorporated by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanosheets

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Due to extensive concerns of tremendous environment pollutions, particularly microplastic as an emerging pollutant, the development and investigate on...     

着床后引燃对电弧迸溅熔珠组织特征的影响

为探究迸溅熔珠着床后的热交换过程对其组织特征的影响,建立基于着床后高温迸溅熔珠的动态测温方法,从而揭示迸溅熔珠着床后引燃与否对其组织特征形成的影响规律。研究结果表明：引燃可燃物的熔珠受火焰热反馈和铜氧化放热的共同作用,着床后其温度出现反复波动,延长迸溅熔珠的冷却凝固时间,组织呈等轴状;无法引燃可燃物的熔珠在可测范围内,短暂升温后降温速率持续上升,组织更易呈现树枝状或胞状。研究结果可为准确认定电气故障电弧迸溅熔珠引发火灾提供技术支持。     

堆肥添加剂降低碳氮损失的微生物学机制研究

为了探明添加剂如何影响堆肥微生物优势群落的演替进而影响碳氮损失,以玉米秸秆和鸡粪为原料,添加不同量的生物质炭和凹凸棒作为添加剂,设置5个处理（CK （鸡粪+玉米秸秆）、BC1（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+5%（干重）生物质炭）、BC2（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+10%（干重）生物质炭）、PG1（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+5%（干重）凹凸棒）和PG2（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+10%（干重）凹凸棒））进行堆肥.结果表明,相较于CK,BC1、BC2、PG1、PG2处理的碳和氮损失分别减少了8.60%、12.05%、2.03%、6.14%和14.54%、20.14%、8.40%、11.23%.优势微生物菌群与碳氮损失的冗余分析表明,添加10%生物质炭和添加10%凹凸棒都显著促进了堆肥过程中固氮类细菌相对丰度,而抑制反硝化细菌的相对丰度,且添加10%生物质炭效果更佳;KEGG分析表明,添加10%生物质炭显著影响氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢功能基因,而添加10%凹凸棒显著影响氨基酸代谢功能基因.由此可见,10%添加剂的碳氮损失都低于5%添加剂的处理,添加生物质炭的碳氮损失都低于凹凸棒处理,添加剂通过影响优势微生物群落及其氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢功能基因抑制堆肥过程中的碳氮代谢,从而减少碳氮损失.     

Cobalt exposure in relation to cardiovascular disease in the United States general population

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cobalt exposure has adverse health effects on the cardiovascular system in occupational and laboratory studies, but these effects have not been...     

施加生物炭对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制

为探究生物炭施加对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制,采集嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土表层(S,0～20 cm)、亚表层(D,20～40 cm)共8种土样,分别将1%(质量比)生物炭(B)加入到8种土样中形成混合土样(CX_(SB)、NB_(SB)、JL_(SB)和HC_(SB); CX_(DB)、NB_(DB)、JL_(DB)和HC_(DB))。以原始土样作为对照,批处理法研究各供试土样在不同温度、pH和离子强度下的Cu~(2+)吸附和热力学特征,并分析Cu的吸附形态。结果显示:(1)各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附都适用Langmuir模型描述,Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量q_m在62. 20～363. 64 mmol/kg之间,S层土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现JL NB CXHC的趋势,而D层土样呈现JL CX NB HC的趋势。施加生物炭有助于增强D层土壤对Cu~(2+)的吸附。(2) 20～40℃范围内,各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而升高,表现为增温正效应。热力学参数结果表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3) pH的升高有利于各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样(HC_S和HC_D除外)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现先增后降的趋势,0. 1 mol/L时最大。(4)土样中吸附的铜主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜存在,生物炭的施加增加了土样中可交换态(HC除外)和有机结合态铜含量,而对碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜影响较小。供试土样对Cu~(2+)的q_m主要是由CEC和比表面积决定的。     

废旧印刷线路板的热重分析及热解动力学模型

采用热重(TG)分析法研究了废旧FR4型印刷线路板(PCB)的热解特性,探讨了不同升温速率下废旧PCB的TG和微分热重(DTG)曲线及变化规律,利用Starink法精确求解热解反应活化能(E),利用Malek法判断得出废旧PCB的热解动力学机理函数和指前因子(A).研究结果表明:废旧FR4型PCB的TG和DTG曲线随着...     

凌钢生石灰消化器的改造及效果

1 生石灰在烧结生产中的作用 钢铁厂烧结生产需要加入含有CaO的碱性熔剂.一般来讲,加入的碱性熔剂主要有生石灰、消石灰、石灰石以及白云石.随着烧结机生产的不断强化,国内各烧结厂大多采用了增加生石灰配比或全用生石灰来作碱性熔剂,以提高烧结矿的产量和改善烧结矿的质量.