固定化聚铝的制备及在纸品加工废水处理中的应用

经水解尿素均匀沉淀 灼烧 ,在素瓷表面制备可能有共价结合的铝胶膜 ;铝胶薄膜载体与经复分解反应制得的氯化铝悬浊液共熟化 ,在其表面生成聚铝 ,经烧结进一步固化而制得固定化聚铝絮凝剂。经三级固定化絮凝剂床处理 ,纸品加工废水的COD、BOD、悬浮物、硫化物、色度等指标可分别降低 93 %、77%、97%、94%、80 %。     

不同取样方式对煤层瓦斯含量测定的研究分析

快速实现原位取样是准确测定煤层瓦斯含量的基础,为研究不同取样方式对瓦斯含量测定的影响,以淮南潘二煤矿11223工作面为例,对比深孔定点取样与孔口接粉取样方式下取样效果,并对采取的煤样利用直接法进行瓦斯含量测定对比分析。结果表明:深孔定点取样装置满足现场取样要求,且采用深孔定点方式取样可提高瓦斯含量测定准确性。     

带压注浆封孔技术在汪家寨煤矿的应用

为改进汪家寨煤矿的瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔技术,提高封孔质量,针对目前封孔工艺存在的问题,提出以新型无机封孔材料、封孔器为一体的"两堵一注"带压注浆封孔技术。现场的应用试验表明,考察期内试验钻孔平均瓦斯体积分数达到了60%以上,有效提高试验钻孔的封孔质量,为下一步的封孔工艺优化改进提供了参考及建议。     

不安全动作与不安全物态的判定方法探讨

根据事故致因"2-4"模型,人的不安全动作与物的不安全状态是事故发生的直接原因,但国内外学者关于二者的判定方法并未形成共识。为了寻找不安全动作与不安全物态科学的判定方法,首先,通过文献研究,综述了国内外学者对不安全动作、不安全物态的分类及定义;其次,从理论层面论述了不安全动作、不安全物态的判定方法;最后,以一起重大瓦斯爆炸事故为例对不安全动作及不安全物态的判定方法进行实证分析。结果表明,基于事故致因"2-4"模型的不安全动作和不安全物态判定方法有效。     

补齐医疗废物和危险废物收集处理短板的思考和建议

为推动落实中共中央政治局会议提出的“加快补齐医疗废物、危险废物收集处理设施方面短板”有关指示精神,推进危险废物环境管理领域治理体系和治理能力现代化,结合全国医疗废物、危险废物环境管理情况以及新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间医疗废物应急处置情况,通过数据分析和政策文件系统梳理,识别出医疗废物、危险废物收集处置短板,并提出相应的对策建议.结果表明,目前仍存在医疗废物收集处置和管理有待加强、医疗废物应急处置能力薄弱、危险废物利用处置能力不匹配不均衡、集中处置区域合作和跨省（区、市）协同有待探索、处置产业有待升级发展等问题.建议编制实施全国医疗废物和危险废物收集处理设施建设规划,提升医疗废物环境管理和应急响应能力,提升医疗废物、危险废物调查评估和监管信息化能力,统筹建立健全多层次的危险废物处置设施体系,推动利用处置技术优化升级,通过加强顶层设计,聚焦重点领域,推进医疗废物危险废物补短板工作.      

多径流出口水稻田非点源污染试验研究及验证

为验证一种水稻田非点源污染原位观测方法的准确性和适应性,以北京市上庄镇某试验水稻田为例,应用原位观测方法分别在水稻田进水口附近（4#观测点）和出水口附近（2#观测点）安装水位计观测稻田水深,利用同步观测的降雨数据以及田内5个采样点定期采集的水质数据,进行非点源污染试验研究,探究基于同一块水稻田不同位置的水深观测数据是否对该方法的应用产生影响.结果表明:①晒田期间,由于4#观测点处于相对低洼的位置,其水深数据显示4 d的无水期,与实际晒田时间相符,而2#观测点水深数据显示10 d无水.②基于2#、4#观测点水深数据得到总蒸散发和渗漏损失、总径流量以及灌溉量的相对偏差分别为1.3%、1.0%、1.8%;应用原位观测方法估算出该水稻田的灌溉量在2 620~2 710 m3之间.③基于2#、4#观测点水深得到的TN、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N、TP、COD_Cr输出系数的相对偏差在0.8%~8.0%之间.研究显示:水位计安装位置对原位观测方法应用的影响不大,且主要体现在晒田期的水深观测,建议将水位计安装在稻田相对低洼处,以确保能够完整地监测水稻生长季的水深变化;应用该方法能准确识别水稻田的径流量和灌溉量,对具有多个径流出口的水稻田非点源污染试验具有较好的准确性和适应性.      

Pxrf土壤重金属检测的影响因素、模式与校正方法

针对便携式X射线荧光光谱（Pxrf）法测定土壤重金属检测精度不足的问题,提出一种以Pxrf测定值及场地参数的特性关系为基础的通用建模方法和流程,用以构建适用于各场地特性的Pxrf校正模型,以提高Pxrf的测量准确度.以北京某典型矿区污染场地为例开展研究,选取土壤中Pb、Sr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 6种重金属,通过潜在相关因子（土壤有机质含量、含水率、实际污染物含量）及其不同数学变换形式（指数、对数、幂函数的数学变换）与Pxrf测定值的相关分析,识别显著影响Pxrf测定值的影响变量、影响程度及影响形式;基于影响因子识别结果,建立其与Pxrf的数学模型表达式,实现Pxrf测定值校正,准确值提高的目的.结果表明：Pb、Cu、Zn 3种重金属的Pxrf测量值与实际浓度呈现显著相关,相关系数值为0.75~0.82;重金属Sr、Fe、Mn相关系数值为0.25~0.52,其相关性稍差.含水率对Pxrf检测影响程度从小到大排列依次为Sr、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn,相关系数值范围为0.1~0.7.所有重金属的Pxrf测量值受土壤有机质含量影响弱,相关系数均低于0.5.经模式变换后,重金属Zn、Pb、Cu的Pxrf测量值与实际浓度相关性呈增大趋势（增大了4%~13%）;其他重金属无显著变化.模型校验结果显示,Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn四种重金属的模型可用来提高该场地Pxrf法检测精度.相较于原始Pxrf测量值,可用模型中经校正后的Pxrf值的相对误差从32.4%~56.6%降至4%~29.9%.     

Relationship between metabolic enzyme activities and bioaccumulation kinetics of PAHs in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Many studies have investigated bioaccumulation and metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic organisms. However, lack of studies investigated both processes simultaneously, and the interaction between these two processes is less understood so far. This study investigated the bioaccumulation kinetics of PAHs and metabolic enzyme activities, including total cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), in zebrafish. Mature zebrafish was exposed to the mixture of phenanthrene and anthracene under constant concentration maintained by passive dosing systems for 16 days. The results showed that PAH concentrations in zebrafish experienced a peak value after exposure for 1.5 days, and then decreased gradually. The bioaccumulation equilibrium was achieved after exposure for 12 days. Both of the uptake rate constants (k_u) and the elimination rate constants (k_e) decreased after the peak value. The variation of PAH concentrations and metabolic enzyme activities in zebrafish had an interactive relationship. CYPs and T-SOD activities increased initially with the increase of PAH concentrations, but decreased to the lowest state when PAH concentrations reached the peak value. When the bioaccumulation equilibrium of PAHs was achieved, CYPs and T-SOD activities also reached the steady state. In general, CYPs and T-SOD activities were activated after exposure to PAHs. The decrease of PAH concentrations in zebrafish after the peak value may be attributed to the great drop of k_u and the variation of CYPs activities. This study suggests that an interactive relationship exists between bioaccumulation kinetics of PAHs and metabolic enzyme activities in aquatic organisms.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu~2+and Pb~2+poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al(OH)_3-poly(acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-graft-dithiocarbamate(APD), for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu~2+and Pb~2+. In this adsorbent, the "star-like" structure of Al(OH)3 poly(acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) served as the support of dithiocarbamat(DTC) functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/(g·min) as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu~2+and Pb~2+respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu~2+and Pb~2+give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.     

Assessment of Potential Capability of Water Bamboo Leaves on the Adsorption Removal Efficiency of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solutions

Removal of toxic pollutants from water and wastewater is becoming an important process with the increase of industrial activities. The present study focused on assessing the suitability and efficiency of water bamboo leaves (WBL) for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of different variables in the batch method including solution pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (50–250 mg L^?1), adsorbent dose (0.05–0.30 g), contact time (5–180 min) and temperature (283–333 K) on the dye removal was investigated. The adsorption kinetics was discussed in view of four kinetics models. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model described dye adsorption on WBL very well. The experimental equilibrium data were also tested by four isotherm models. It was found that adsorption of dye on WBL fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, implying the binding energy on the whole surface of the adsorbent was uniform and the dye molecules onto the surface of the adsorbent were monolayer coverage. Calculation of various thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process indicated feasibility and exothermic nature of dye adsorption.